Career pathways of three social care sectors Essay

Describe the roles, responsibilities and career pathways of three health or social care sectors Within this assignment I will be discussing three different health or social care professionals and describing their roles are and also their responsibilities. Social worker A social worker’s role is to help people with their issues and also their families, in order to help to adjust to the problems that are occurring throughout their lives. They most frequently work with those problems such as, child abuse, substance, abuse, mental illness, anti-social behaviour and many more. A social worker would specialise in a certain area and help a person with that certain situation. However, some people’s issues may be unchangeable therefore they help others to adjust to the situation and help them in order to accept that certain situations may not be able to be changed. Social workers usually work with the government in departments such as offices, clinics, prisons, hospitals, nursing homes, schools, businesses and many more. Being a social worker has numerous responsibilities entailed with the job which comes with helping others such as, preparing interviews with the service users and their families which enables them all to evaluate the situation , offering support through counselling, or group therapy to the service user and their family, ensure that the support offered enables the service user to lead their life as well as possible. Although a vital role within social work is to ensure the safety, security and well-being and caring for the service users and their families it also involves numerous responsibilities that are a legal requirement within social work such as, giving evidence when necessary in court for the person they are working with, writing accurate records of what has occurred and preparing reports for special meetings (this may possibly be court too), writing up assessments about the situation that meet the stated standards and is on a timescale, communicating with other agencies such as hospitals, schools etc. to ensure that they understand what is going on at home and to ensure their safety. In order to follow the career path of being a social worker it is vital to have studied for 2 years at college or Sixth Form whilst gaining qualifications from them also. After this it is important to go to University in order to maintain a degree, the current qualification to study at University in order to maintain a career in social work is an honours  degree in Social Work, however it is possible to also go into other degrees such as sociology, youth work or anything relatable and train to be a social worker afterwards. This is a popular approach for many people as it is relatively hard for those of a young age to get into a degree level of Social Work. Midwifery The role of a Midwife is to support, care and advise women, their partners and family, at every stage of childbirth; before, during and afterwards as they help women decide what care they would like throughout childbirth, the services they will use and any other important decisions that need to be made. For the first 28 days of a child’s birth they help by taking care of the new born child and provide health education and support the parent through this emotional, difficult and overwhelming period they do this with regular health visits to the new mother and new born child. The main responsibility for a midwife is to ensure that the mother and the new born child’s health is on top form which ensures their safety and security by caring for them, they do this by keeping to the hospitals health and safety policy furthermore, they have numerous responsibilities to adhere by in order to ensure this of their patients. During pregnancy they must diagnose, monitor and examine the woman which ensures that nothing has or is going to go wrong within the pregnancy and if there is something found it can be treated fast and efficiently in the appropriate manner. This means that they must identify high risk pregnancies through this such as, ectopic pregnancies so that doctors and medical professions can be informed and the mother can be assessed and treated. During the pregnancy they must also develop an assessment, which evaluates the pregnancy too for an individual which has relation to care so that the mother knows what care they want and they can choose from this. Also, they must do this for their partners and families as they provide health education for the woman whether it is at the hospital, community or at home so that everyone can help the mother out. As pregnancy can be one of the most dangerous things to do in a woman’s life many of them may be scared to do so and find the thought of labour intimidating, therefore it is a midwife’s responsibility to provide cancelling before and after the birth, especially after if they have suffered throughout it as they need to be ‘debriefed.’ They also supervise  the mother throughout labour assigning her and monitoring her condition through their knowledge of drugs and pain killers. After the pregnancy is vital as the mother needs to be given support from the midwife and daily care of the baby, which includes breast feeding, bathing and making up feeds – especially for first time mothers who aren’t familiar with child baring. In order to become a midwife you can either apply to a degree of nursing and on the third year branch off to midwifery or study a three year degree course in Midwifery. It is important that sufficient work experience or anything similar as midwifery is highly specialised and demanding job. They ask for 3 A Levels of the equivalent to this such as BTEC National Diploma. There are other courses that can get you into the career path of midwifery such as a midwifery access course. There are different entry requirements at each university’s however, every university asks for GCSE’s in Maths and English at C and above. The minimum salary that midwife would begin to work for is  £21,000 and they would make their way up throughout their career. Probation officer The role of a probation officer is to work with offenders and ex-offenders who have emotional, behavioural and psychological issues which make the probation officers job highly stressful and demanding. However, the result of helping a person overcome these difficulties is highly rewarding for the probation officer. There are numerous responsibilities that are with the job which are vital as they must provide advice and information in order to support the criminal with the court sentencing related to this is the write and presentation of their pre-sentence and pre-release reports which enables them to help the with their sentence and parole as well. Another main responsibility of a probation officer is be emotionally supportive to the offenders that they are working with meaning that they must help the offender deal with the fact that they are having custodial sentences which may be jail or perhaps on house arrest depending on the crime committed. This also means that they must visit the offender no matter where they are whether it is at the home, in court, prison, hostels or other institutions that they may be detained in. Although it is solely about the offender it is also important to liaise with the family in order to ensure that their needs are met throughout this overwhelming time as it will be highly emotional for  them. It is a vital responsibility for probation officers to liaise with those such as the police, social service and anyone else involved with the case to make sure that they are knowledgeable of how the offender is getting on and is sticking to the agreements. This is an extremely stressful job and also highly demanding, also being extremely controversial as they are working with offenders. In order to go into the probation services it is important to have a degree in anything similar such as community justice or social work where you would then apply to the probabtion services as a probation officer. After having that job it is vital that you take a vocational qualification level 5 diploma in probation practice to ensure that you are suited for the job, therefore it is then possible that gain a specialised area or move onto a managerial position. Probation officers have a salary of around  £19,000 –  £26,000 for a year and the after qualified they earn around  £26,000 –  £35,000 a year.

How Barbaric were the Barbarians Really? Essay

The books have claimed the Mongols to be barbaric, but how barbaric were they? The barbarians have earned the title barbaric. The barbarians were people who didn’t belong to a certain culture or group of people, and pretty much did what they pleased. The Mongols were barbaric with their laws, punishments, and the amount of battles and deaths caused in their presence. The barbarians were barbaric in many different ways. The Mongol Empire was bigger than the continental U.S., being 4,860,000 square miles of conquered land (Doc 1). The Mongol Empire was more that three times bigger that the amount of land Adolf Hitler conquered during his time (Doc 1). With the empire being this big, there would need to be laws. There were laws on hospitality, adultery, drinking, and marriage. With these laws came punishments. For example, if you committed adultery, you would be executed, even if there were no earlier convictions (Doc 10). There were also laws made by Genghis Khan that were enfor ced during battle situations. If you were a soldier and you got scared and ran away from battle, if you were found, the rest of your group of 10, including you, would be executed. If your whole group of 10 flees, the group of a hundred you were in would all be executed along with you. You were expected to stay with your group throughout battle, or your consequence would be death (Doc 2). In battle, if you were a prisoner or war, that was not desired to be a slave, or were an artisan, the law was to put you to death with the axe (Doc 3). The number of deaths caused by the barbarians, is not countable. Many people were killed and or captured by the Mongols. Along with the people, their towns were also demolished. Through the years 1220-1258, there were 5,107,000 plus deaths alone (Doc 4). In 1221 in Nishapur, Persia, there were 1,747,000 deaths according to a Persian chronicler (Doc 4). The Mongols tore the city apart and in the process, â€Å"severed the heads of the slain from their bodies and heaped them up in piles†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Doc 4). There weren’t many options for punishments, not that the people got to choose their punishment, and people who were punished were probably a big part of the number of deaths caused the barbarians. Punishment and death wa s very common in the Mongol Empire. The Mongol leaders might have this punishment to make clear that they are in charge and to intimidate others. There was always a punishment for rule breaking. Most often, the punishment was death. There were different ways of  killing people, or to sound nicer, putting them into a deep sleep in the Mongol Empire. In the Empire there were different forms of being killed, or put to death. You could just be executed, you could have you head chopped off, you could be shot multiple times with arrows, you could even be buried alive upside down (Doc 5,4,3,2). Killing was very common with these peoples. The Mongols overall were very violent. They could be organized at times, but they were more barbaric by following the rules that were organized by the emperor. The Mongols conquered many lands, but killed and lost others they knew in the process. The laws were partially barbaric because of the different parts involved in them. If you committed a crime, there wasn’t anyone to help you get out of your punishment. The most barbaric thing is that mostly everything resulted in death. If you committed a horrible crime, such as adultery, the way you are killed might be worse, but if you got drunk more that three times a month, you could possibly be put to death (Doc 10). The barbarians were a barbaric people. As you can tell, they did what the pleased. The laws made by Genghis Khan that were used for battle situations were barbaric because if one person or a small group of soldiers left because they were scared, everyone else and them included, were killed (Doc 2). There was pretty much only one punishment in the whole Mongol Empire, and that was death. This punishment is barbaric for the people who didn’t commit huge and serious crimes. Death was a big part in the success of the Mongol Empire. If they, the barbarians, hadn’t killed the people from the cities they captured, there could have been revolts against the Mongols. The Mongols were barbaric because of many things, but mostly for the amount of death they caused. The Mongol Empire set the example for the other empires to follow. Again I ask, how barbaric were the barbarians really? The Mongols were barbaric enough for them to be called barbarians and with the number of deaths cau sed by them, it would be safe to say that the barbarians were pretty barbaric.

Political Economy and the Propaganda Model of Noam Chomsky

Using one of the case studies outlined by Chomsky & Herman in ‘Manufacturing Consent – The Political Economy of the Mass Media’, critically assess the main propositions put forward in their analysis of the mass media. Is the ‘Propaganda Model’ still relevant today? Noam Chomsky along with Edward Herman has developed the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Propaganda Model†Ã‚  of the media works. They helped develop the detailed and sophisticated analysis of how the wealthy and powerful use the media to propagandise their own interests behind a mask of objective news reporting. Herman and Chomsky expound this analysis in their book  Ã¢â‚¬ËœManufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media’. In their 1988 book, Edward Herman and Noam Chomsky’s ‘propaganda model’ argues that there are 5 classes of ‘filters' in society which determine what is ‘news'; in other words, what gets broadcast by radio or printed in newspapers and shown on television. Herman and Chomsky's model also explains how dissent from the mainstream is given little, or zero, coverage, while governments and big business gain easy access to the public in order to convey their state-corporate messages. Noam Chomsky has been engaged in political activism most of his life; he spoke up firstly about the media coverage of Nicaragua. July 19, 1979 – the leftist  Frente Sandinista de Liberacion Nacional  (FSLN/Sandinistas) rolled into Managua, Nicaragua leader of the insurrection that had finally succeeded in overthrowing the dictator Anastasio Somoza Debayle. Then there was the election in 1984. The American coverage for the elections in Nicaragua and el Salvador are a key aspect which Chomsky and Herman cover in Manufacturing Consent, and one which Chomsky spoke of on many occasions. The media covered both elections in both countries simultaneously the American media condemned the outcome of the election in Nicaragua as a â€Å"soviet sham† because the new Nicaraguan government were against the American puppet government and were a more socialist country. Because President Reagan's war created a need for a propaganda victory, in December 1983 the Sandinistas outsmarted Washington by scheduling their first post-triumph election earlier than originally planned— 2 days before Americans would decide whether President Reagan should continue to lead the country. The Media coverage up to this point had been little in the way of truth, and of the actual happenings of Nicaragua in the past. What they were trying to achieve, for many years, and most of all about the upcoming elections of the time. The American press seemed to try and protect America’s interest and perception by the people, then to deliver unbiased reporting. The fact that most of the rest of the world was opposed to Reagan's terrorist activities didn’t filter through to the Americans. Most of the Nicaraguan people, along with many worldwide had hoped that if the Sandinistas won as expected, Washington would accept the results and call off President Reagan’s â€Å"freedom fighters†. This was a naive hope, as Secretary of State George P. Shultz made clear: â€Å"with or without elections we will continue our policy of pressuring Nicaragua†. Nicaragua was in the news on election night in the U. S, but the story that was in the news was not one on Nicaragua’s election. The story was of soviet MIGs. As reported by CBS Evening News on November 6, 1984, the soviet freighter Bakuriani was on its way to Nicaragua with MIG 21 fighters aboard. The ‘sham election’ story was succeeded quickly by the security threat story. The overwhelming majority of objective observers concluded that the election was conducted competently and fairly by the Supreme Electoral Council, and that all Nicaraguan political parties had been given ample opportunity and resources to campaign and get their messages out to the people without serious hindrance from the Sandinistas. While all this was going on, the American government stated on the complete flipside that the El Salvador election, whose victors were against the socialist uprising, was a victory for democracy. The Americans supported the oppressive party and condemned the socialists because it suited them and they could easily pass off the socialists as communists. The American government continued to support and fund the tyranny long after this travesty. â€Å"Only the naive believe that Sunday's election in Nicaragua was democratic or legitimizing proof of the Sandinistas' popularity. The result was ordained when opposition parties tamely accepted terms that barred them from power. This plebiscite will not end the struggle for pluralism in Nicaragua. But neither can it serve as justification for recent American policy. â€Å"The Sandinistas made it easy to dismiss their election as a sham. †¦ † Nobody Won in Nicaragua, Editorial, New York Times, Nov 7, 1984 pg. A26. â€Å"No major political tendency in Nicaragua was denied access to the electoral process in 1984. The only parties that did not appear on the ballot were absent by their own choice, not because of government exclusion. †¦ Opposition parties received their legal allotments of campaign funds and had regular and substantial access to radio and television. The legally registered opposition parties were able to hold the vast majority of their rallies unimpeded by pro-FSLN demonstrators or by other kinds of government interference. † (http://www. williamgbecker. com/lasa_1984. pdf)â € A member of the [opposition] Popular Social Christian Party, Jose Lazos said his party ‘recognized the percentage of the F. S. L. N. vote. ‘ ‘It was an honourable process', he said. † [Lazos also confided to the LASA delegation â€Å"We received the vote we expected†. LASA report, ibid. , p. 18. — B. B. ] â€Å"A team of observers from the Washington Office on Latin America, a church-sponsored lobbying group, said the electoral process had been ‘meaningful' and had provided a political opening in Nicaragua. â€Å"The group, in a statement prepared after the voting ended on Sunday, said the process had been ‘well-conceived' and had afforded ‘easy access to vote with guarantees of secrecy. †Ã‚  From  Sandinista Claims Big Election Victory, by Gordon Mott. New York Times, Nov 6, 1984. â€Å"However, [Virgilio Godoy, the PLI presidential candidate who dropped out the day after a visit from the U. S. ambassador] went on to compare favourably Nicaragua's election with presidential elections in El Salvador earlier this year. ‘If the US is going to try to be honest in evaluating these elections, it will be a real problem for the Reagan administration,' Mr. Godoy said. ‘If the US administration said that the Guatemalan and Salvadorian elections were valid ones, how can they condemn elections in Nicaragua, when they have been no worse and probably a lot better than elections in Salvador and Guatemala. ‘The elections here have been much more peaceful. There were no deaths as in the other two countries, where the opposition were often in fear for their lives. ‘† Nicaragua vote seen as better run than Salvador's By Dennis Volman, Staff writer of The Christian Science Monitor November 5, 1984, p. 13. Managua, Nicaragua  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Reviewing the history of the negotiations between the FSLN and the opposition parties since 1981, and especially during the current election year, Stephen Kinzer, the Managua-based correspondent of The New York Times, told our delegation ‘The FSLN gave in on almost all of the opposition parties' demands concerning how the electoral process would be run. Their stance seemed to be, â€Å"if any clause of the election law causes serious controversy, we'll modify it. † Most of the opposition's complaints about the process had nothing to do with the mechanics of the elections, but rather were more general criticisms of the political system†¦. What some of these groups want is a complete change in the political system: to abolish the CDSs (Sandinista Defence Committees), get the Sandinistas out of the army, prohibit [incumbent] government officials from running for office, and so forth. In short, they want Nicaragua to become a parliamentary democracy first, before they will participate. But this isn't Switzerland! ‘ † (LASA report, ibid. , p. 12. )†Suppose that some power of unimaginable strength were to threaten to reduce the United States to the level of Ethiopia unless we voted for its candidates, demonstrating that the threat was real. Suppose that we refused, and the threat was then carried out, the country brought to its knees, the economy wrecked and millions killed. Suppose, finally, that the threat were repeated, loud and clear, at the time of the next scheduled elections. Under such conditions, only the most extreme hypocrite would speak of a free election. Furthermore, it is likely that close to 100% of the population would succumb. â€Å"Apart from the last sentence, I have just described U. S. -Nicaraguan relations for the last decade. † —Noam Chomsky, The Boston Globe, March 4, 1990El Salvador in 1982 and 1984, and Nicaragua in 1984, provide a virtually controlled experiment in media integrity or submissiveness. The U. S. government promoted the Salvadoran elections as marvels of democratic advance, under adverse conditions, while trying to undermine and discredit the Nicaraguan election as a sham, even though facts did not support claims of superiority of the former election. In the case of El Salvador, the U. S. government agenda stressed the importance and excellence of the election. They focused on the long lines of smiling voters, the size of the turnout, rebel opposition and alleged efforts at disruption. Additionally, they downplayed the absence of fundamental conditions of a free election, such as the freedoms of press and assembly; the ability of all groups to run candidates; and freedom from state terror and coercive threats. The idea that the American press was so quick to praise one and condemn the other is what Chomsky refers to as the ‘propaganda model’ of the mass media. The American government dictates the press into writing about what benefits the American government more so than writing about the truth. Is the Propaganda Model still relevant today? In their propaganda model, Herman and Chomsky present a series of five â€Å"filters† to account for why the dominant U. S. media invariably serve as propagandists for the interests of the elite. Only stories with a strong orientation to elite interests can pass through the five filters unobstructed and receive ample media attention. The model explains how the media can conscientiously function when even a superficial analysis of the evidence would indicate the preposterous nature of many of the stories that receive ample publicity in the press and on the network news broadcasts. However, what, if any of what Chomsky and Herman presented is still relevant today? The model was dubbed a conspiracy theory by many critics on both left and right although Herman says he and Chomsky had looked for structural factors as the only possible root of systematic behaviour and performance patterns. In defending ‘Manufacturing Consent: Political Economy of the Mass Media’, Noam Chomsky's collaborator Edward Herman says; â€Å"Institutional critiques such as we present in this book are commonly dismissed by establishment commentators as ‘conspiracy theories,' but this is merely an evasion. We do not use any kind of ‘conspiracy' hypothesis to explain mass-media performance. In fact, our treatment is much closer to a ‘free market' analysis, with the results largely an outcome of the workings of market forces.   Herman goes on to further explain how the model is not a conspiracy theory and relevant: â€Å"The propaganda model describes a decentralized and non-conspiratorial market system of control and processing, although at times the government or one or more private actors may take initiatives and mobilize co-ordinated elite handling of an issue. † The â€Å"propaganda model† has as little in common with a â€Å"conspiracy theoryâ €  as saying that the management of General Motors acts to maintain and increase its profits. As Chomsky notes,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"to confront power is costly and difficult; high standards of evidence and argument are imposed, and critical analysis is naturally not welcomed by those who are in a position to react vigorously and to determine the array of rewards and punishments. Conformity to a ‘patriotic agenda,' in contrast, imposes no such costs. †Ã‚  Meaning that  Ã¢â‚¬Å"conformity is the easy way, and the path to privilege and prestige†¦ It is a natural expectation, on uncontroversial assumptions, that the major media and other ideological institutions will generally reflect the perspectives and interests of established power.   [Necessary Illusions, pp. 8-9 and p. 10] So in totally ruling out the ‘conspiracy theory’ label, Herman writes that â€Å"the dramatic changes in the economy, the communications industries, and politics over the past dozen years have tended on balance to enhance the applicability of the propaganda model. The first two fil ters–ownership and advertising–have become ever more important. The decline of public broadcasting, the increase in corporate power and global reach, and the mergers and centralization of the media, have made bottom-line considerations more influential both in the United States and abroad. The competition for advertisers has become more intense and the boundaries between editorial and advertising departments have weakened further. Newsrooms have been more thoroughly incorporated into transnational corporate empires, with budget cuts and even less management enthusiasm for investigative journalism that would challenge the structure of power (Herman and McChesney, 1997). † What Herman is saying is that the journalists own voice has been reduced. The Internet and new communication technologies are breaking the corporate stranglehold on journalism somewhat and opening an unprecedented era of interactive democratic media. Some think that they permit media firms to shrink staff while achieving greater outputs and they make possible global distribution systems, thus reducing the number of media entities. Herman states â€Å"there are, by one conservative count, 20,000 more PR agents working to doctor the news today than there are journalists writing it. †Looking for more modern examples to see if ‘The propaganda model’ still applies Herman uses the media's treatment of the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the subsequent Mexican crisis and meltdown of 1994-95. He states that â€Å"once again there was a sharp split between the preferences of ordinary citizens and the elite and business community, with polls consistently showing substantial majorities opposed to NAFTA — and to the bailout of investors in Mexican securities — but the elite in favour†. Media news coverage, selection of â€Å"experts,† and opinion columns were skewed accordingly; their judgment was that the benefits of NAFTA were obvious, agreed to by all qualified authorities, and that only demagogues and â€Å"special interests† were opposed. Labour has been under siege in the United States for the past fifteen years according to Herman, â€Å"but you would hardly know this from the mainstream media. † Using the example of the long Pittston miners’ strike to show â€Å"the propaganda model’s† relevance in a similar way to Nicaragua, Timor, Jerzy Popieluszko and so many of Chomsky and Herman other examples the strike was afforded much less attention than the strike of miners in the Soviet Union. The more recent examples to think of would be the American media coverage of the whole â€Å"war on terror† compared with most of the world’s media. Much of the world opposed the Iraq war and Americas invasions. In conclusion, the propositions put forward by Chomsky and Herman, such as the ‘five filters’ and their theories of mass media compared with worldwide media seem to be based on very solid ground, with a good foundation of case studies and research. The case study of Nicaragua being a prime example that backs up their studies in Manufacturing Consent. It is quite clear to see how the American media has filtered different stories and overall tried to sway people’s perceptions on the issue. The fact that the similar situation in El Salvador was so comparable proves a great basis to highlight Chomsky and Herman’s theories. Also when talking about if ‘the propaganda model’ is relevant today in which Herman talking on whether it is still relevant claims that â€Å"The applicability of the propaganda model in these and other cases seems clear. I agree that ‘the propaganda model’ is most certainly applicable today. To what extent remains to be seen through research, though I disagree that the internet has brought on an even greater level of control to mass media, although it is worth noting that the internet was a lot different back in the 90’s when Herman talked about it. | Bibliography http://www. chomsky. info/onchomsky/2002—-. htm http://ics. leeds. ac. uk/papers/vp01. cfm? outfi t=pmt&folder=30&paper=1227 The Social and Political Thought of Noam Chomsky  by Alison Edgley http://anarchism. pageabode. com/afaq/secD3. html http://www. chomsky. info/onchomsky/20031209. htm http://www. williamgbecker. com/nicaragua_1984_election. php http://www. chomsky. info/onchomsky/198901–. htm Washington's war on Nicaragua  by Holly Sklar http://www. williamgbecker. com/lasa_1984. pdf http://www. fifth-estate-online. co. uk/comment/Mullen_paper_FEO. pdf http://www. llc. manchester. ac. uk/research/projects/etrist/conferences/fileuploadmax10mb,169799,en. pdf

Management Information Systems Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management Information Systems - Article Example For the establishment of the online business, we can purchase the land and establish a shop or mall for the business and deal with physical world products. Through deep assessment of overall online network, I have decided to sell online multimedia products. Our business will deal with physical multimedia products. In this scenario, we will plan to establish the terms of the online payment details. This will ensure that online user will perform the transaction in a better way. The website of eBay offers the Second Life Land 4096 Sq Met, 937 prim, Beachfront for the auction. Here we also find the books and multimedia for the sale and auction. This offers a great opportunity for the online dealing and business on the sponsor website. Second life offers a great opportunity for the online users to have the sense of the real world existence. The online social networks such as YouTube, MySpace, and Amazon offer the better opportunity for sharing the knowledge, news, videos, and for carrying out the business activities. However, there is no feeling of real world. The business and community on the Second-Life offer a feel of the real world dealing and online interaction. Therefore we can expect that the future of the Second-Life is really bright and hope that this online business and community platform will offer a great opportunity for enhancement and market domination. There are lots of different obstacles in the way of the Second-Life. These can be related to the online marketing and operations. The business and community of the Second-Life need to be more attracted to the other market businesses because a lot of different big business such as Toyota has established its online shops but still it is not operational. This happens due to less market coverage and marketing opportunities. Here Second-Life needs to attract more people regarding the enhanced experience of the new Physical World experience on the web.

THE COST DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MENS AND WOMENS PRISONS IN THE UNITED Essay

THE COST DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MENS AND WOMENS PRISONS IN THE UNITED STATES - Essay Example People who are convicted of federal or state laws violation are held by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, serving more then one year sentences. All the States have their own prison systems and they hold persons under the State laws’ violation. Furthermore, there are a myriad of local jail systems which hold less then one year sentence convicts, those waiting to be sentenced or tied as well as those waiting to be transferred (Stephan James, 2004). From the above evidence statistics indicative of massive arrests and incarcerations, one cannot fail to imagine the burden of costs involved, not only in maintenance of the prisoners in jails but also on the free tax payers who have regularly been inflicted to increased taxes in many fields to provide the government with the staggering funding it requires for this task. The inmates must be provided with food, health care, housing, protection, probation, psychological counseling, and many other social economic amenities (Donna Willmott & Juliana van Olphen, 2005, pp. 42). However, as we delve in this endeavor of understanding the various prison costs of inmates, it is necessary to understand that there are differences between how these costs impacts on women and men in prison. Before making an in depth consideration of these differentiations, it is necessary to have a look at the trends of incarcerations in the united states from 1990 to date. The above statistics illustrated in figure 2 above indicates that women prisoners’ numbers are proportionately increasing at a faster rate than those of men prisoners. From 2000 to 2005, the populations of women prisoners in State and Federal systems increased by 2.9% while the population of male prisoners in the same systems increased by 1.8%. A total of $38.2 billion was spent by corrective authorities in the 2001 fiscal year for Nation’s State correction facilities, of which $29.5

Strategic Marketing Plan for Pit Bull Pride of Delaware Term Paper

Strategic Marketing Plan for Pit Bull Pride of Delaware - Term Paper Example Further, the organization allows volunteers render their services in line with promoting positivity for pit bulls. Remarkably, the organization draws no profits from their operations hence explaining the reason as to why the organization relies on foster shelters to offer this service. In this regard, this essay will give a detailed strategic plan report on how Pit Bull pride of Delaware would become a better performing institution from the level that is in currently. Additionally, the planning process will include a marketing strategy to produce a customer centered strategic plan. Company operations Pit Bull Pride receives a substantial number of pit bulls through surrender by the owners and the other fraction from shelters with high-kill probability. As per their database, the organization rescued at least a hundred and ten dogs from within Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and also Maryland in the year 2013. The highest percentage of the rescued pit bulls came from high kill hold ing shelters hence assuring the company of the continued need to stay in operation. After rescuing, pit bulls receive temporary shelter at foster homes until a time when they would get permanent homes that would give love and care as intended. Therefore, this organization draws success from the relenting partnership that they have with foster shelters as they help them save more pit bulls. On the other hand, the organization also facilitates adoption of rescued pit bulls, but they subject possible candidates to thorough screening before qualifying to adopt the animals. The rigorous process includes a face to face interview, home inspection, personal veterinary reference, and lastly a written consent commitment to caring for a dog. However, the organization also performs a temperament check on the pit bulls before their enrollment into the core program. Further, the dogs also go through screening to ascertain their health status before adoption into an official member of their foreve r family. The medical procedures include up to date vaccinations, testing for heartworms, and dosage on fleas or ticks. The dosage acts as a preventive measure for these pest infestations to assure them of healthy lives during their stay at the shelter. Vision for the organization As earlier mentioned, Pit Bull pride Delaware principally relies on the services of foster shelters to provide animal holding facilities until they can give shelter to the rescued pit bulls. For them, this serves as a restriction to growth and stability as it restricts the number of pit bulls that the organization might save if they had their own shelters. In this regard, Pit Bull pride intends to create their own shelter possibly in 2014 as a way of increasing work output and impact. According to Pit Bull Pride founder, Lauren Verfaillie, the organization underwent successful official incorporation in April of 2012. After incorporation, the organization applied for the 501 (c) 3 tax exemption application to the IRS it sought recognition as a nonprofit entity (Herman & Associates, 2011). This will in turn facilitate the organization to make strides into being a large supporter of pit bulls. The labor force of Pit Bull Pride According to Lauren, the organization squarely depends on volunteers to help in the running of the operations

Instructional method and comprehension Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Instructional method and comprehension - Essay Example Thus, the terminology of ‘classroom management’ introduced in education with the objective is to create a positive relationship not only between teachers, but also among the peers themselves, and also to help those students who need psychological help (Stough & Emmer, 2001) The two domains of Instruction and learning play the most important role in the learning process of an individual. Instructional and learning style approach is discussed below. 1 Instructional method Methods are the means for instruction for the students. Mostly, instruction method depends upon the content, the students and the level of intellect of the students. Content is categorized into three main domains of knowledge, i.e., skills, attitudes, and values. According to the content and a set goal, students are made to engage themselves actively in the learning process. While, teaching skill, it is necessary to alter the content giving the learners more practical exposure and pointing out the important practical aspects. When teaching attitude, those methods are used which are required to apply in particular situations. There is several level of learning the knowledge of the content from simple recitation without complete understanding to learning so well that the learner has full understanding of listing, discussion, analysing, practical application, and extrapolation of the knowledge in a naà ¯ve situation (Bloom et al., 1956).

E business exam questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E business exam questions - Essay Example The social welfare of the businesses increase and they look to increase the welfare to the customers. There can be price discrimination with the use of the Internet as the customers are aware of the products. The business houses may look to decrease the price of the goods to attract the customers. The e business model of Amazon is based on offering products at lower costs. This helps in the increase of the social welfare. With the rise of the Internet, various other business opportunities are open for the entrepreneurs. Complementarities: The model has described the services as the complementarities. The services of the e business model should be quick and precise. The basic concept is to provide the customer’s with valuable information that helps in the development of the business. Lock in: The lock in period of the business houses is relatively low while using the e business model. The search for customers’ get quicker and the cost is less than that of the traditional process. Therefore, the lock in of the company is automatically reduced. The company may also adopt a model to produce what is demanded. Novelty: In the e business model, there has been a rise in the novelty process with the rise of innovation. The business houses look to attract the customers with the use of innovative techniques. Amazon and Ebay offer discounts and gift vouchers, which encourage the customers to shop online. (Kirikova & Grundspenkis, 2002; Pp 378-379) Porter’s value chain activities describes that a relation exists between the firm’s activities regarding the suppliers and the customers. The value chain activities of a firm can be described as follows: With the advancement of technology and the use of the Internet, the value chain of a company can be related easily. The effectiveness of a company has increased with the use of the Internet. All the components in the value chain have been benefited by the use of the Internet. The

Effects of air and water pollution Research Paper

Effects of air and water pollution - Research Paper Example As the world urbanization and industrialization occur at a rapid rate, so does environmental pollution involving air and water quality pollution occur. Large amounts of potentially harmful emissions from industries around the globe find their way in to the atmosphere every single day. Likewise, millions of tonnes of wastewaters containing potentially harmful pollutants find their way into water bodies and underground water aquifers. Several bodies have been initiated with the main aim of conserving environment. Some of these bodies in clued NEMA, Centre for Sustainable Development and others. In their efforts to conserve mainly air and water pollution, they have set by-laws in conjunction with countries’ municipalities to bid those involved (Reitze 13). Despite these continued endeavours, water and air pollutions increases each day. In fact, research shows that as technology changes, the pollution increases consequently increasing the effects (Hill 20). This paper discusses in depth the effects of air and water pollution to people resulting form environmental and technological changes. Poor air quality affects human health, damages crop and animal life, and degrades fragile ecosystems. The severity and impact depends on the quantity and concentration of pollutants, the duration of exposure and the susceptibility of the sensitive receptors. Inevitable is the impact of air pollution on human health. Never the less, equal attention is necessary for all other receptors that include the ecological and the built environments, besides human health. One of the generally recognized effects of air pollution is ill health and death. Although natural processes cause air pollution, manmade causes are the most prevalent and harmful causes (Gillespie 145). Manmade causes of air pollution include power generation activities, industrial production processes and the automobile activities. Tobacco smoking, combustion of solid fuels like wood, coal and charcoal, which house hold commonly use for cooking and warming houses are the leading causes of indoor air quality pollution (Reitze 45). Other sources of indoor air pollutants include paints, cleaning agents, detergents, pesticides, home appliances; furniture and air conditioning systems cause significant chemical and biological indoor air pollution. Combustion of fossil fuels is the leading source of air pollution, since it contains such pollutants like sulphur dioxide, fine particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ozone and volatile organic matter, all of which have profound adverse effects on humans (Chiras 52). Health effects of air pollution range from chronic effects to acute effects. Among these, are minor eye irritations, irritations on the upper respiratory system, chronic respiratory illnesses, lung cancer, heart problems and deaths resulting from suffocation and exposure to noxious gases in the air. Bronchitis in adults and acute respiratory problems resulting to chocking and su ffocation in children are common effects of air pollution (Gillespie 108). For people with pre-existing lung and heart conditions, air pollution is a major cause of worsening conditions. For instance, among the asthmatics, air pollution increases the frequency and severity of attack, and accounts for many deaths among people with heart conditions (Harrop 52). Overall, long-term and short-term exposure to air pollutants lead to reduced life expectancies and premature deaths. The impact of air pollution on humans depends on the concentration of the pollutant, its type, duration and concentration of exposure, and individual vulnerability to lethal exposures. Predisposing factors like poverty, age; both old age and infants, and pre-existing health complications put people in increased danger of poisoning and serious effects of air pollution. For instance, poor urban communities usually reside in poorly ventilated house congested in small slum sharks, and more likely to use dirty fossil and biomass fuels.

The growth performance of China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The growth performance of China - Essay Example Although, Globalization and liberalization policies were the brain child of the capitalist countries like U.S and UK, China seems to be the number one exploiter of globalization which helped them immensely in achieving tremendous economic growth. This paper analyses the economic growth performances of China. â€Å"During 1997–2005, the PRC’s average annual growth rate in real GDP was 8.9%. During the forecast period of 2005–2010, it was assumed that the PRC continued its historical growth trend of 8.9% per year† (Mai et al, 2010, p.5) (See appendix for more details). China is able to continue or sustain their economic growth even with the help of some unbelievable polices. In fact China has rewritten some of the established economic principles. For example, BACK,(2010) mentioned that â€Å"in any other major economy where growth had accelerated as quickly as China's, higher interest rates would seem inevitable. But in China, authorities have been reluctan t to raise rates† (Back, 2010). In other words, according to traditional economic principles, a country should increase the interest rates when they feel that that their economy is overheated because of over economic exercises. But China did nothing to cool down the over activities in economic sector and kept the interest rates at a lower level until now. Even though economists have some concerns about the over activities in Chinese economic sector and the low interest rates, no big problems were reported so far from China. â€Å"Still, the government isn't dramatically cutting state-supplied credit. This year's loan target, although down considerably from last year, is still more than 50% higher than that of 2008† (Roberts, 2010). Another interesting tactics which helped the economic progress of China is the mass production of consumer goods. When most of the other nations tried to increase the profit by increasing the prices of their products, China did entirely the o pposite thing. They reduced the prices of their commodities and succeeded in selling more goods in international markets than any other countries. Thus they were able to counter the negative effects of price reduction with the help of bulk production and selling. Mai et al (2010) have pointed out that â€Å"the PRC’s exports increase by about 46%and imports by about 45% relative to their respective baseline levels in 2010. Imports and exports of all commodities and services rise relative to their baseline levels† (Mai et al, 2010, p.7) Another important step taken by China for boosting their economic progress was the welcoming of FDI. Even though China is communist country, they have realized that without private capital it is impossible for them to advance further. Foreign investment helped China to polish their production technologies and management skills further. â€Å"The key benefit of foreign investment is improvement in productivity as other players in the hos t industry catch up with the performance standards set by foreign investors† (Mai et al, 2010, p.14) The economic reformation processes undertaken by China under the leadership of Deng in the 80’s and 90’s helped them to speed up their economic progress. Deng succeeded in relieving the industry sector from the complete dominance of the government and lot of small scale industries

Ethics and the Criminal Justice System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethics and the Criminal Justice System - Essay Example If, in this case, I would have arrested the person that I pulled over and placed them in a cell until tomorrow because I felt that this person was a threat to the public, than I must do this with this police officer also. It really has nothing to do with whether he is a police officer but whether my belief is that he is a threat to the innocent. Does being a drunk police officer make him less of a risk Maybe. Because he is a police officer he may go home and sleep it off and show up for work tomorrow but he may also decide to drink again and if he kills someone his incident is no registered because you sent him home. Have you then protected the public The answer of course is no. There are many ways to reconstruct this case because we want to say it is alright to do this. We believe somehow it is different because he is a police officer but the bottom line is, he is a danger to the innocent just like everyone else who drives drunk. The only way to make this decision correctly is to make it following the above Code of Ethics. If we do that we will not find ourselves second guessing what we should do. So I return to my original answer. No, it is not ethical to take off the cuffs and send him home in a cab.

Dolphins Essay Example for Free

Dolphins Essay Bottlenose dolphins can grow to be thirteen feet long and weigh up to 600 pounds (Bottlenose Dolphins). This makes bottlenose dolphins the largest of the beaked dolphins (Dolphin Research Center). Bottlenose dolphins have slick and rubbery skin with no sweat glands or hair. Their epidermis is ten to twenty times thicker than that of other mammals. It can be replaced every two hours, which is nine times faster than human skin. The peeling of their skin helps to reduce drag when they swim. The skin is dark gray on their backs, and fades to white or pink on their bellies. This coloring is called countershading. From above the dolphins blend in with the dark water below, and from underneath they blend in with the sunlight. Countershading helps dolphins hide from predators and prey (Bottlenose Dolphins). Bottlenose dolphins are piscivors, or fish-eaters. They have eighty-eight to one hundred small, sharp teeth for grasping slippery squid and fish (Parker and Burton) (Dolphin Research Center). When catching fish, dolphins usually herd a school of fish together and then dash through the school one at a time to feed. It has been observed where 200 bottlenose dolphins were in a single row, working together to find food. Dolphins can also use their tail flukes to toss a fish out of the water and then retrieve the shocked prey (Bottlenose Dolphins). If a dolphin catches a large fish, it will smack the fish on the ocean floor or the water’s surface to break it into smaller portions (McClintock). After a dolphin catches its prey, it uses its tongue to swallow the fish and push the water out of its mouth (Dolphin Research Center). Dolphins can eat up to thirty pounds of fish in one day, so it is helpful that they have three stomach compartments, similar to that of a cow (McClintock) (Lockley 69). Bottlenose dolphins find fish by using echolocation. This is when a dolphin sends out a beam of short sonar pulses from its melon, or forehead. The beam reflects off of fish or other objects and echoes back to the lower jaw. The echoes are then sent to the ear bones where they are characterized. Using echolocation, dolphins are able to locate prey that is buried up to one and a half feet under the sand (Cahill 140-141). Bottlenose dolphins are excellent swimmers. They can jump up to sixteen feet in the air. Three to seven miles per hour is their normal swimming speed, but they can reach speeds of eighteen to twenty-two miles per hour. Dolphins also porpoise, which is when a dolphin swims fast enough to repetitively come out of the water and back under the water in one swift movement. This uses less effort than swimming fast at the ocean’s surface. When dolphins swim in deep open water, they often dive. They dive to 150 feet regularly, but they have been recorded diving up to 2,000 feet (Bottlenose Dolphins). When a dolphin needs to breathe, it comes to the surface, exhales, and then inhales. If a dolphin stays underwater for a very long time, it can exhale at over 100 miles per hour (Cahill 77). It only takes about 0. 3 seconds for dolphins to breathe (Bottlenose Dolphins). Dolphins exchange 80% of their lung air with each breath; when humans breathe, they exchange only 17% (Bottlenose Dolphins). They come to the surface to breathe every twenty-eight seconds when they are not diving, but they can hold their breath for up to twelve minutes (McClintock) (Bottlenose Dolphins). Before a dolphin can hold its breath for a long time, it has to slow its heart rate down to twelve beats per minute. A slow heart rate helps to conserve energy and oxygen while diving (Dolphin Research Center). In order for dolphins to be able to swim, they have to have fins. Bottlenose dolphins have three different types of fins on their bodies. The most recognizable is the dorsal fin. It is located in the center of the back and is the cause of dolphins sometimes being confused with sharks. The dorsal fin is helpful for balance but is not essential. Dolphins also have flippers on both sides of their bodies called pectoral fins that are used to steer. The bones in pectoral fins look similar to human hands because they have five digits. The two parts of a dolphin’s tail are called flukes. Tail flukes are made up of tough connective tissue with no bones or muscle. The tail’s spread is 20% of the total body length. The dolphin’s back muscles move the flukes up and down to push the dolphin through the water. All of the fins and flippers use the process of countercurrent heat exchange to conserve body heat. This means that the arteries in the fins are surrounded by smaller veins so that some of the heat from the blood is transferred to the blood in the veins instead of being released to the environment (Bottlenose Dolphins). Dolphins need to conserve heat to stay warm in cooler waters. The lifespan of a bottlenose dolphin is twenty to thirty years. They can reproduce every three years for their entire lives starting at the age of six (Bottlenose Dolphins) (Cahill 98). The gestation period lasts twelve months. Baby dolphins, called calves, are usually born tail-first to prevent drowning, and the umbilical cord between the mother dolphin and calf snaps during birth (Cahill 98) (McClintock). â€Å"85% of all firstborn calves die† (McClintock). Newborn calves typically weigh twenty-two to forty-four pounds and are thirty-nine to fifty-three inches long (Bottlenose Dolphins). Since dolphins are mammals, calves drink milk produced in the mother’s body (World Book 296). Mother dolphins have to swim constantly with their calves in their â€Å"slipstream† because newborns do not have enough blubber to easily float (Hecker). At about four months old, young start to eat fish and are entirely weaned from milk between the ages of one year and eighteen months (Lockley 169). Each dolphin develops a signature whistle at one month old. In order for calves to recognize their mothers by their whistle, mothers whistle to their calves almost constantly for several days after birth (Bottlenose Dolphins). A dolphin will stay with its mother for at least six years and some dolphins stay with their mothers for their entire lives (Bottlenose Dolphins). Bottlenose dolphins are very social animals. They travel in pods, which are groups of two to fifteen dolphins (Bottlenose Dolphins). Dolphins are very protective of each other, and they have killed sharks that were too close to their pod by repeatedly hitting them in the gills (Lockley 172). They will also try to save an injured or dead dolphin by keeping it at the surface for hours or even days (Lockley 19). Bottlenose dolphins are usually very friendly towards humans. Some wild dolphins even go into bays and interact with them (Dolphin Research Center). Dolphins also love to have fun. In captivity, they enjoy teasing each other and humans that are around their tanks (Lockley 48). In the wild, dolphins like to ride ocean waves or a boat’s stern or bow wake (Bottlenose Dolphins). They sometimes toss jellyfish and seaweed to one another and use plastic, seaweed, or other objects as â€Å"dolphin jewelry† on their fins, beaks, and necks (Cahill 93). Bottlenose dolphins truly are intriguing and individual animals. It’s hard to believe that some people actually hunt them. Beloved and admired by many, they should be protected in both captivity and the wild. Bottlenose dolphins have been entertaining people in for over eighty years, and hopefully they will continue to do so for many years to come.

The Crush Is A Short Film Film Studies Essay

The Crush Is A Short Film Film Studies Essay The film starts off with a white text saying a purdy picture production behind the text a black background appears. As it clears up you can hear a soft and strong womans voice saying three words Reveal, Pretend and love. This leads to an Establishing shot which sets up a classroom scene, suggesting that the woman is a teacher the camera has a long shot of the teacher; the camera goes around the room which shows all the kids in the classroom. Warm colours are implicated to show a positive attitude towards the teacher which applies those three words that should to be learned. There is a shot with a young boy the camera has a close up shot of his face to show his kid like emotions, there are birds singing in the background also with the soft music playing. By looking at the young boys face tells me that his emotions are dreamy towards the teacher and hasnt been paying attention. The school bell goes off in the background, which courses the students to leave class which creates a medium shot. Ardal the young boy sitting at his desk and still dreamy hears Ms Purdys voice saying his name; the lighting is a sense of Joy and good. A medium shot is used as he calmly walks to Ms Purdys desk, a tracking shot follows him to show Ms Purdy curiosity and interest with what Ardal has got. Ardal gives her the ring Ms Purdy was surprised and also great full the lighting is a sense of Delight which contrasts with the colour and sends him of to have a great weekend. A head on shot is used while Ardal walks home therefore the action comes straight to the audiences. He arrives home he starts to have dinner with his parents, sitting right in the middle with his parents sitting on either side of him which creates a medium shot. The light suggests that of a delight and also the colour is a calmer, relaxed feeling. A close up shot of dad emotions suggesting to be interested, he asks everybody about their day but also continuing about his story of the day. He tells his son the exciting story with his facial expressions makes the story even more exciting to listen to which becomes into a swish Plan. Ardal all of a sudden asks his mum about when is the prorate age to get married. The dad is shocked with this statement and looks at his wife with disbelieve. His wife answers and asks why have you got some news of us but with a smart response he says that hell keep his mum posted about marriage. After dinner he is in his room a low angle shot is used, he op ens up a Ten year planner diary goes to the year 2015 month 22-28 page and writes down Marry Ms Purdy. He looks at the text after his done writing which is an Aerial shot; dim lighting is implemented to suggest a Force and strength. A long shot shows Ardal enjoying himself and using a public bin as a prop, a feeling of happiness which suggests warm colours. Also a soft but enjoy full music plays in the background suggesting that its a nonviolent act. Ardals mum walks out of the shop she looks at her son and yells come on Ardal with a sense of being in a rush. The music stops playing, Ardal follows his mum he immediately faces the ground. As he walks a ring of a door bell goes off on the background suggesting that someone he matter know is walking out of a shop. He hears a soft but kind voice saying hello Ardal with excitement he recognises the voice and immediately looks up, his eyes brightens up with excitement that its really Ms Purdy. She complements on his new shoes a high angle shot is used at the same time a close up shot of her new ring to show Ardal but he doesnt recognise the ring. A High Angle is used to show how powerful Pierce is, while Ms Purdy is talking about the ring and how they are engaged. Pie rce isnt interested at all and seems to be in a rush to watch a football game. He pulls Ms Purdy away from the conversation which automatically ends the conversation and leads her away. Close up shot of Ardals emotions with an angry facial toward Pierce is implemented. Ardal is back in his room, the colours give the sense of anger and also the dim lighting. He rips a page out of his diary it seems to me that his crunching up the page was he wrote Marry Ms Purdy. A close up shot is used when He throws the paper on the floor and stomps on it, which suggests anger towards the idea of getting married. A scene with dim lighting suggests the idea of death which shows Ardals dad examining a gun; he hides the gun on the top section of the wardrobe from reach. Ardal stands near the door peaking as his dad hides the gun, he shows a lot of interest towards the gun. Ardal comes back in his room, he reattaches the crunched up paper to his diary. At the same time he looks to his side and stares at a poster of a cowboy that is having a challenge a duel to the death. Suggesting a high angle shot with the sense of power he wants to be over Pierce. A grey golf Volkswagen is packed outside the school. Pierce is waiting for Ms Purdy; he looks frustrated that she is always the last teacher to leave school. A sudden knock on the car window, Pierce calmly puts the window down. As the window goes down, there is a close up shot of Ardal standing beside the car fearless he demands him not to marry Ms Purdy, she is mine Ardal says. Pierce laughs with joy and disbelieve he explains that its never gone happen. Ardal demands a duel to the death, he tells Pierce where and when to meet him of this challenge the lack of communication suggests a dim of lighting. A Reverse angle is used as Pierce accepts this challenge with a laugh he also asks with a childlike behaviour which weapons to bring. Ardal says pistols, he calmly walks away. Ms Purdy comes and sits inside the car, the lighting in the car suggests a sense of Innocences. A Head on shot is used again when Ardal walks home but his facial emotions suggests a seriousness, it seemed to me t hat he is planning ideas while his walking home. Ardal is back in his parents room sitting on their bed, a high angle is used and the lighting once again gives of Death and evil look to the scene. While Ardal stares up giving him a low angle shot of the wardrobe where his dad has hidden the gun, the background music play which helps with the senses of stargazing a plan of attack. Pierce is once again waiting of Ms Purdy at the school but this time his in an energetic mood of his close up facial expressions. Ms Purdy walks to the car and sits inside. She and Pierce connect lips with a kiss, as the kiss ends. Ardal is given a long shot therefore tells us that his standing in front of the school doors the shot was taken from the car pointing towards Ardal which also gives him a horror look. Pierce gets out of the car while Ms Purdy is trying to calm him down also letting him to leave it alone his just a kid. Engorging her, Pierce leaves and closes the door behind him which leaves Ms Purdy worried suggested by the dim lighting and also the close up shot. Pierce walks into a four walled concrete room, Suggesting to me that it looks like a squash room with one white line going across and one thick line at the bottom going across the wall. The Camera zooms into his face and then out, which gives him a side view. In the shot Ardal appears by the door Pierces full body turns around to look at him, Ardal drops his bag on the floor. Ardal asks Pierce were is his pistol but he doesnt care about this problem, he pulls out a gun and points it to Pierce a close up shot of him holding the gun, helps to determine that idea. His shocked with Ardals actions also thinking it might be a fake gun but Ardals knows its real. Ms Purdy walks into the building she sees Ardal pointing a gun at Pierce. A close up is used to determine how afraid she is of what might happen next. Pierce begs him to put the gun down but Ardal is determined to kill Pierce and stop him marring Ms Purdy. The lighting of scene suggest a more Evil which also is Death , Ardal activities the trigger of the gun aims it at Pierce, Pierce going down on his knees and tells the true about why he got engaged to Ms Purdy just to shut her up about marriage. As Pierce yells at Ms Purdy to call the cops, Ardal shoots a big loud bang goes off. The camera shots move around with Pierce as he flows to the ground, a close up shot comes back to Ms Purdy as she screams wit h fear. A close up shot of Ardals face shows his eyes not blinking once and fearless. A Blank screen shows for 3 Seconds Slowly the blank screen disappears. Orange ball roles across Pierces body, a close up of his eyes opening and realising that his not dead. Ardal looks back at Ms Purdy and says see Ms she also realises that the gun is fake, she takes out her ring and throws it at Pierce. Pierce gets up with anger towards Ardal but Ms Purdy protects him. They both leave the room, leaving Pierce alone in with disbelieve. Conclusions The director has used good angle shots for each scene to make the film as real as it can be. With the use close up, long shots, medium shots, high/low angle shots and also head on shots. The lighting was well implemented throughout the movie, with the sense of Death, Joy and good will. Colours helped with all aspects of the film mainly with lighting. Ms Purdy takes the gun of Ardal and she puts it in her handbag he explains that his dad had gotten him toy gun for his birthday and he was hiding it form him, Ardal asks if his actions are going into his report but Ms Purdy tells him that it is they little secret. Ms Purdy walks Ardal home and the back ground music is a happier and more relaxed. At the end the directors/written and also the produces name show up also with the rest of the crew members of the movie.

Interaction of Light with Sound in a Crystalline Structure

Interaction of Light with Sound in a Crystalline Structure Lewis Allison Abstract The effects of altering the angle of incidence acoustic intensity were investigated using a lead molybdate crystal with a Piezo-electric transducer attached. A HeNe laser was used as a light source for the investigation. The angle of diffraction at which the first order beam was found to be 0.027 Rad  ± 0.009 Rad the acoustic intensity in the crystal at 140MHz was 14.3104 W m-2  ± 2.9104 W m-2. Introduction The interaction between of light sound has been observed investigated since ancient Greece. However, Leon Brillion a French-American physicist, was first to predict diffraction of light by sound in 1922(1). Bragg’s angle is given by the Bragg’s law(2-4) explains the scattering of electromagnetic waves both coherently incoherently through a crystalline structure. In this investigation the sound waves propagating through the lead molydbate(8) crystal change the refractive index. A photon at one instance may experience, for instance a refractive index of 2.3, where as a photon a moment later will experience a different refractive index from atoms in the crystal being displaced by the pressure of the sound wave(9). This means the photons will be travelling at different speeds through the medium, so when it emerges the beams of light then interact interfere with each other. This creates the maxima minima from the constructive deconstructive interference. Bragg’ s Law(4-7) describes the condition at which the constructive interference takes place. The source of the sound waves which propagate through the crystal is a Piezo-electric transducer. 140Mhz was applied to the transducer by the RF Driver which can alternate the magnitude of the sound wave produced. The transducer was mounted on a rotational stage allowing the effects of transmitted light intensity when the angle of incidence of the light onto the modulator crystal was altered. A HeNe laser was used in the experiment as the light source. A viewing screen was used, so the diffraction characteristics could be seen a metre rule was used to measure the distsance from the acousto-optic modulator to the viewing screen photo detector. Method Fig.1 shows the setup of the experiment. The position, on the optical axis, of both the lens aperture acousto-optic modulator with the rotation stage was unchanged throughout the investigation. A) Familiarisation with RF Driver Acousto-optic Modulator The Laser was switched on, as well as the RF driver, photo detector digital mulitmeter. The Bragg modulator rotational stage controls were familiarized with. The viewing screen was placed 50cm from the front of the acousto-optic modulator. The control of the RF Driver rotational stage were then altered the effects noted. B) Measurement of the Bragg angle The viewing screen from part A) was placed, so that the centre of the screen was at the centre of the zero order beam. The rotational stage was then rotated until the 1st order beams were both at their brightest. Each millimeter on the micrometer was found to be 1.69 ° change in angle. The number of squares was then measured from the right edge of the Zero order beam to the right edge of the right 1st order beam the right edge of the left 1st order beam. This gave the Bragg angle by using simple trigonometry. Then the answer was compared to the analytically found value. The following equation shows Sell’s law applied to the incident beam show how the light will be diffracted by the medium; Where Λ is the acoustic wavelength, ÃŽËœ is the angle from the conversion from the micrometer reading ÃŽ »/n the optical path length through the material, n being the Refractive index ÃŽ » being the wavelength of the laser light. The acoustic wavelength can be found by using the e lectronic frequency the speed of sound in the material, Lead Molybdate being 3750 m/s. Approximating for small angles, Equ.1 can be written as; Rafraction will occur at the crystal faces, allowing this gives the Bragg angle; .Where ÃŽ » was taken as 632.9nm laser light. Part C) Investigating the intensity of diffracted light with changing acousto-optic modulator angle The Photo detector was placed 50cm from the base of the modulator. It was aligned so the zero order maximum was entering the ‘Slow detector’ input the iris on the front of the photo detector was adjusted so that the full beam width could enter the detector no more. The slow detector output was then hooked up to the digital multimeter. The viewing screen was then placed to block infront of the acousto-optic modulator to block the laser light the multimeter reading was taken to give the ambient light or 0% reading. The laser light was then allowed to hit the photo detector, with no power applied from the RF drive to the modulator the reading was taken from the multimeter. This gave the full 100% intensity reading. The value of RF drive power that gave the minimum zero order reading was then found the RF power was then set at that value for the rest of the experiment. Th e modulator angle was set at 5.5mm the output power was recorded. Steps of 0.05mm were then taken the output power at each value was recorded. This was then repeated with the right first order beam, with the same start point increments. The values on the micrometer were then converted to angles in degrees the output power values were converted to percentages of the zero order maximum value. The Acoustic Intensity was then found using the equation; Where, Iac is the acoustic intensity, ÃŽ » is the laser light wavelength (632.8nm), L is the beam width (approximately 15mm) Pdif Pinc are the light power diffracted incident light power respectively. D) The Apparatus remained in the same setup as before. The Transistor-Transistor-Logic Gate (TTL) was then turned on. A square wave with an initial frequency was set. This causes the power into the RF driver to alternate between the manually set option on the knob completely off has a rise fall time of 50ns. The modulator was set to maximize the 1st order beam the angle was set to 5mm on the micrometer (8.45 °). The photo detector (still 50cm from the base of the modulator) was connected to the oscilloscope. The input from the TTL was also connected to the oscilloscope the signal from both the input TTL photo detector were shown. The photo detector was 1st placed in alignment with e zero order wave the result was recorded. The photo detector was then placed on the right hand side 1s order beam the resulting signals were recorded. The frequency was then increased to find at what value the signal was still modulated. Results Part A)It was found that increasing the RF drive power caused 1st order beams to appear a futher increase caused 2nd order beams to appear. Rotating the platform, from no rotation, 0mm on the micrometer, caused the 2nd order beam to dim disappear on the left hand side of the zero order maxima. The 1st order on the left hand side became brighter, then dimmed as the micrometer reading was increased. The zero order beam started dim, but as the micrometer reading was increased the acousto-optic modulator on the rotational stage became orthogonal to the viewing screen the beam became brighter. As the acousto-optic modulator moved past being orthogonal, the zero order dimmed the 1st order beam on the right hand side became brighter the 2nd order beam on the right hand side appeared. Part B) The angle between the right hand 1st order the zero order beam was found to be 0.0260 Rad  ± 0.009 Rad. The left hand 1st order beam was found to have 0.0280 Rad  ± 0.009 Rad angle between its elf the zero order beam. The theoretical Bragg angle was found to be 0.0118 Rad, taking the the spped sound in Lead Molybdate to be 3750 the electrical frequency to be 140MHz. Part C) Fig.2 shows the results for the part of the experiment Using the graph Equ.5, the Acoustic intensity was found to be 14.3 x 104 W m-2  ± 2.9 x 104 W m-2. Part D) the following figure shows the results from the zero order beam 1st order beam against the TTL input signal; Fig.3 shows the signal from the photo detector on channel 1, with the TTL square wave on channel 2. This figure shows the waves are in phase (the larger wave being from the TTL, the slightly hazier signal being from the photo detector) Fig.4 shows the signal from the photo detector on channel 1 again the TTL signal is on channel 2, showing this time the signals are out of phase. The delay between the zero order beam beam the TTL signal fluctuating between the zero 1 state was found to be 140nS  ± 10nS. As the pulse generator frequency was increased the beam was found to change to not resemble the TTL input signal. The maximum value where the beam was still modulated was found to be 110MHz  ± 10MHz. Discussion The experiments in this investigation were relatively easy to set up after some familiarsation took place. The control on the RF driver was a knob that had no indication of what magnitude the dial was set at, so it was difficult to identify if the setting had changed during readings being taken. In part A) it was fairly difficult to establish the edge of the zero order 1st order beams on the viewing screen. The laser itself was found not to give a stable reading, which made parts C) D) difficult. The reading from the laser on the multimeter fluctuated by roughly 10mV for each reading taken in part C). A larger amount of error was introduced by the instability of the laser, however if the investigation was to be repeated more measurements could be taken averages for values would give a clearer relationship. When the RF driver power was set to give the minimum zero order value, the 2nd order maxima were not visible. They gave readings witch fluctuated to the 0% reading or reading fo r the ambient light. This meant only the 1st order maxima could be investigated. Experimental judgments throughout this investigation cause error. Conclusion Through analysis, the angle at which the light diverged from the zero order maxima should be 0.012 Rad. It was found on this experiment that the first order maxima diverged from the acoustically modulated crystal at an angle of 0.027 Rad  ± 0.009 Rad. Through further investigation the 1st order maxima was found to be Ï€ Rad out of phase with the zero order beam. The acoustic intensity in experienced in the crystal was found to be 14 x 104 W m-2  ± 2.9 x 104 W m-2. References Leon Brillouin,Ann. Phys.(Paris) 17, 88 (1922). John M. Cowley (1975)Diffraction physics(North-Holland, Amsterdam)ISBN 0-444-10791-6 H. Eklund, A. Roos, S. T. Eng. Rotation of laser beam polarization in acousto-optic devices.Optical and Quantum Electronics. 1975;7(2):73–79.doi:10.1007/BF00631587 R.Y.Chiao, C.H.Townes and B.P.Stoicheff, Stimulated Brillouin scattering and coherent generation of intense hypersonic waves,Phys. Rev. Lett.,12, 592 (1964) Carl. R. Nave.Braggs Law. HyperPhysics, Georgia State University. Retrieved 2008-07-19 Bragg, W.L. (1913). The Diffraction of Short Electromagnetic Waves by a Crystal.Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society17: 43–57. F.L. Liu, P.St.J. Russell, L.Dong, Acousto-optic modulator using a fibre Bragg Grating, Optoelectronics Res. Cen., University of Southampton G. A. Coquin, D. A. Pinnow, A. W. Warner, Physical Properties of Lead Molybdate Relevant to Acousto-Optic Device Applications, J. App. Phy. A 6, Vol 42 (May 1971) A.Rosencwaig, A. Gersho, Theory of the Photoacoustic Effect with Solids, Journal of Applied Physics, 47(1), 64-69 (1976) A. Yarvin, P. Yen, â€Å"Wave Propagation in Periodic Media† in Optical electronics in modern communication, (Oxford 2007), pp. 539-82

Following In The Footsteps :: Personal Narrative Teaching Education Essays

Following In The Footsteps When I was growing up, I was always around the teaching profession. My mother is an educator and I had always been told that I would make a great educator too because my mother was a teacher. They said it was in my blood. I was never too sure about that. I never really knew what I wanted to be when I grew up. I did not know if teaching would be right for me. I did not know until the summer after graduating from high school; the summer I found my calling in life. At the time I did not know it, but the summer after graduating from high school would be one of the greatest summers of my life. During this summer, I became involved in a program called Energy Express. In this program, I had my own classroom of approximately ten students. I instructed these students in improving their reading and writing skills. I became more deeply involved with the program as the summer progressed and I fell in love with the art of teaching. Until this time, I did not know of anything that gave me the type of joy that teaching gives me. I had not known what a thrill that it would be for me to watch a child that could not read at all in June, read very well by the time August came around. I knew for sure after my summer was over with Energy Express that I wanted to be an educator, but not just any educator. I want to be the teacher that has a lasting impact on the lives of every single student that comes into my classroom. During my tenure with Energy Express and in my Education classes at Concord College, I have developed my teaching philosophy. I believe very strongly in cooperative learning, meaning that students should be heavily involved in the classroom by participating in group activities and discussions. By participating in a discussion and/or hands-on lesson, the student is more likely to retain what he or she has been taught. I also believe that teachers should do their absolute best to inspire the children to learn by making the classroom a fun place to learn, but at the same time having structure and discipline.

Guide to Victorian Dance :: Victorian Era

Dance, Dancing, and Dancers: The How-To Guide to Victorian Dance It is with a great sense of responsibility and delight that I bring to you, young people on the verge of entering society, this short dissertation concerning the guidelines for cultured dance. I am confident that, as long as you adhere strictly to what is written in this manual, you will succeed in all your dancing endeavors. Dancer's Place in Society Due to the exquisite tastes of our Queen Victoria, dance, which is intimately aligned with musical ability, has become an integrated part of our society. Although the variety of dance ranges from the new Viennese waltz and the Sir Roger De Coverly to square dances and hornpipes, the most popular is the Polka. Learn it well ("Victorian"). As Mr. James Grant describes dance: " With what powerful emotions does many a fair bosom beat at the mere mention of it! It is the everlasting topic of conversation in the aristocratic circles" (Jackson). A Lady's Place in Dance Of all the things to remember, it is of the upmost importance to remember to properly present yourself as a sophisticated young woman. It is more valuable that your dress should complement your figure than be of the current style. Ladies must always be accompanied to a dance by an appropriate escort. Do not refuse a gentleman of your acquaintance a dance unless you have already accepted the invitation of another. If a gentleman with whom you are not acquainted asks permission to dance, politely refuse. Leaving the ballroom unaccompanied is unacceptable. When not dancing, avoid excessive whispering and chattering, and when dancing, always portray pleasure with your dancing partner. Finally, under no circumstances should a lady cross a ballroom unattended ("Ballroom"). Always portray yourself as a sophisticated young lady, remembering your duty to the host, to fellow guests, and to yourself. A Gentleman's Place in Dance Gentlemen are expected to know very well what is required of them. When asking a lady for a dance, use such phrases as, "Will you honor me with this dance?" or "Shall I have the pleasure?" A true gentleman will not sit next to a lady who is not an acquaintance of his. Under the circumstance that he knows her, he may ask permission to sit. Without proper introduction, a gentleman should not ask a lady to dance. White gloves must be worn at all times, taken off only to eat supper.

The Man Who Planted Trees Essay example -- Literary Review, Jean Giono

The Man Who Planted Trees by Jean Giono was wan extraordinary story about one man’s efforts to help the environment. It tells the story of one shepherd's extensive and successful singlehanded determination to re-forest a desolate valley in the foothills of the Alps near Provence throughout the first half of the 20th century. The story is narrated by a man who throughout the book in anonymous. The story begins in the year 1910, when a young man is undertaking a long hiking trip through Provence, France, and into the Alps. The narrator runs out of water in a treeless, uninhabited valley where there is no trace of civilization. The narrator finds only a dried up well, but is saved by a middle-aged shepherd who gives him a drink of water from his water-gourd. Later, the shepherd takes the narrator to his cottage where he offers him food and a place for the night. As the narrator stays for the night he becomes curious about this shepherd, who lives all alone in this stone house, and decides to stay for a while longer. The shepherd, after being widowed, had decided to restore the ruined landscape of the isolated and largely abandoned valley by single-handedly cultivating a forest, tree by tree. The shepherd, Elzà ©ard Bouffier, makes holes in the ground and plants acorns that he had collected from far away into those holes. The narrator was astonished at what this man had done all on his own. It was an amazing project that not just anyone could have done. The narrator leaves the shepherd knowing for sure that he would be back to see what he had accomplished. He later fights in World War One. In 1920 the man returns back to the same valley. Instead of seeing a desolated valley with little progress, to his astonishment there were saplings... ...t. By late 2005, through the Pan-African Green Belt Network, over fifteen African countries had become involved with the Green Belt Movement. The movement spread beyond the African borders to the United States. For her lifelong dedication to environmental and human rights Maathai received numerous awards, including the Goldman Environmental Prize, the Right Livelihood Award, and the United Nation's Africa Prize for Leadership. Furthermore, in 2004 Maathai was honored with the prestigious Nobel Peace Prize becoming the first black woman and the first environmentalist to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. Maathai was best known as the founder of the Green Belt Movement: an initiative to plant trees in forested areas of Kenya that were starting to be used commercially. Critics wondered whether a "tree planter" was truly a peace activist and I am here to say she was.

The Geographical Position of Great Britain

The Geographical Position of Great Britain There are two large islands and several smaller ones, which lie in the north-west coast of Europe. Collectively they are known as the British Isles. The largest island is called Great Britain. The smaller one is called Ireland. Great Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel. The country is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Great Britain is separated from Belgium and Holland by the North Sea, and from Ireland – by the Irish Sea.In the British Isles there are two states. One of them governs of the most of the island of Ireland. This state is usually called the Republic of Ireland. The other state has authority over the rest of the territory. The official name of this country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But it is usually known by a shorter name – â€Å"The United Kingdom†. The total area of Great Britain is 244,000 square km. They say that the British love of compromise is the result of the country's physical geography.This may or may not be true, but it certainly true that the land and climate in Great Britain have a notable lack of extremes. The mountains in the country are not very high. It doesn't usually get very cold in the winter or very not in the summer. It has no active volcanoes, and an earth tremors which does no more than rattle teacups in a few houses which is reported in the national news media. The insular geographical position of Great Britain promoted the development of shipbuilding, different training contacts with other countries.The Geographical Position of Great Britain There are two large islands and several smaller ones, which lie in the north-west coast of Europe. Collectively they are known as the British Isles. The largest island is called Great Britain. The smaller one is called Ireland. Great Britain is separated from the continent by the English Channel. The country is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Oc ean. Great Britain is separated from Belgium and Holland by the North Sea, and from Ireland – by the Irish Sea.In the British Isles there are two states. One of them governs of the most of the island of Ireland. This state is usually called the Republic of Ireland. The other state has authority over the rest of the territory. The official name of this country is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. But it is usually known by a shorter name – â€Å"The United Kingdom†. The total area of Great Britain is 244,000 square km. They say that the British love of compromise is the result of the country's physical geography.This may or may not be true, but it certainly true that the land and climate in Great Britain have a notable lack of extremes. The mountains in the country are not very high. It doesn't usually get very cold in the winter or very not in the summer. It has no active volcanoes, and an earth tremors which does no more than rattle teac ups in a few houses which is reported in the national news media. The insular geographical position of Great Britain promoted the development of shipbuilding, different training contacts with other countries.

Best Fit Vs Best Practice Essay

amazon.comIn 1994, with a handful of schedulemers and a few thousand dollars in workstations and servers, Jeff Bezos set bulge to qualify the retail world when he created amazon.com (ticker AMZN). Shel Kaphan, viragos first programmer, assist by former(a)s, including Paul Barton-Davis, utilized a collection of tools to create clear pages base on a database of 1 jillion intelligence titles compiled from the Library of Congress and Books in Print databases. Kaphan nones that amazon was dependent on commercial-grade and drop by the wayside database agreements, as tumefy as HTTP server softw be from commercial and free sources. M either of the programming tools were free softw ar Collett 2002. In July 1995, virago unfastened its entanglement come in for gross gross sales. Using hard discounted book prices (20 to 30 per centum on a crusheder floor common retail prices) amazon denote heavily and became the leading celebrity of the concluding profit and e-c ommerce.Sales and Relation directsvirago made its mutual op localise mark shiting books, and m both a(prenominal) a(prenominal) pot still think of the c eitherer-up in damage of books. However, al close to from the start, the union has worked to dissipate into plyitional beasstriving to become a global retailer of al close anything. near of the main events include 1995 books, 1998 music and videodisc/video, 1999 auctions, electronics, gyps, z wanders/MarketPlace, home improvement, software, and video games 1999 annual spread over. By the end of 1999, the lodge had forged partnerships with several(prenominal) an new(prenominal)wise(prenominal) online stores, including Ashford.com, Audible, Della.com, drugstore.com, Gear.com, Greenlight.com, HomeGrocer.com, Kozmo.com, living.com, NextCard.com, Pets.com, and Sothebys. Of course, most of those firms and meshing sites by and by died in the dot-com crash of 2000/2001. amazon as well established partnerships with sever al monolithic retailers, including Target, Toys R Us, Babies R Us, and Circuit metropolis. Effectively, virago became a ser wrong organization to consecrate sex the online presence of these large retailers. However, it excessively uses its diffusion frame to go to bed the products. The Circuit City arrangement was slightly different from the others exerciseers could peck at up their testifys instantly from their local stores Heun supercilious 2001. After Circuit City went beneath, the descent terminate. By mid-2003, the meshing sales and fulfilment attend to amounted to 20 percentof amazons sales. Bezos points out(p) that most companies sort out that only a micro fraction of their absoluteness sales (5 to 10 percent) willing come from online systems, so it makes sense to crap amazon brave those great acquires Murphy 2003. In 2001, virago took over the vane site pass on by its bricks-and-mortar rival B vagabonds. In 2000, Borders conf utilize $18.4 on e thousand thousand on total online sales of $27.4 one thousand meg Heun April 2001.Also in 2001, virago partnered with Expedia to bring home the bacon travel gos straightaway from the virago site. However, in this case, the virago portion consists of little more than than an advertising relate up to the Expedia ser misdeeds Kontzer 2001. The deals in 2001 continued with a twist when virago licensed its anticipate applied science to AOL. AOL invested $100 million in virago and conciliateed an undisclosed license allowance to use the search-and- whatsoeverbodyalization service on ShopAOL Heun July 2001. In 2003, virago launched a footslogger just to sell its sacksales and fulfillment engine room to other firms. Bezos tell that amazon spends or so $200 million a course on indata formattingion technology (a total of $900 million to mid-2003). The purpose of the subsidiary is to protagonist recover close to of those bealthough Bezos believes they were critically ne cessary expenditures Murphy 2003.With so many respective(a) products, and traffichips, it giant businessman be tempting to confine all(prenominal)(prenominal)thing recrudesce. However, amazon perceives advantages from showing the entire site to customers as a wholeness, broad entity. Yes, customers diffuse to the various stores to bump individual(a) items. al whizz, give-up the ghost a search and you will quickly see that it identifies products from any division. Additionally, the company is experimenting with bewilder sales. In 2002, the Project Ruby show site began merchandising name-brand clothing and ingressories. Customers who dog-tired $50 or more on apparel received a $30 gift certificate for use anywhere else on amazon Hayes 2002.By 2004, 25 percent of viragos sales were for its partners. But, mavin of amazons major(ip) relationships took a really bad curve in 2004 when Toys R Us sued virago and amazon countersued. The complaint by Toys R Us allege s that it had sign a ten- stratum exclusivity pack with amazon and had so far nonrecreational virago $200 million for the secure to be the exclusive supplier oftoys at amazon.com. David Schwartz, senior VP and general counsel for Toys R Us relegated that We dont intend to pay for exclusivity were not getting Claburn whitethorn 2004. viragos initial response was that We believe we croupe collapse multiple sellers in the toy category, increase selection, and offer products that (Toys R Us) doesnt have Claburn May 2004.The justness of naturesuit counters that at to the lowest degree one product (a Monopoly game) appears to be for sale by triad-party suppliers as rise as Toys R Us. A calendar month later, amazon countersued, alleging that Toys R Us experienced chronic failure to maintain fitted linage to meet demand. The court documents state that Toys R Us had been out of stock on 20 percent of its most popular products Claburn June 2004. Although the dispute sounds d amaging, it is conceivable that both parties are victimization the courts as a means to renegotiate the base contract. minor(ip) merchants accelerated a shift to Amazons market placeplace technology. By 2007, Amazon was only the largest marketplace on the Web. For example, washbowl Wieber was marketing $1 million a year in refurbished computers through eBay. But change order of magnitude competition and eBays move prices convinced him to switch to come out sales through Amazon. Similar small merchants noted that although the fees on Amazon are hefty, they do not have to pay a listing fee. Plus, eBay deceivepers only require to debase things at bargain-basement prices (Mangalindan 2005).In 2010, Target ended its contract with Amazon and launched its own Web servers. Amazon does not report sales wearly for its partners such as Target, so it is difficult to condition what impact the change might have on Amazon. However, Amazon has many other sellers who offer uniform produ cts.Digital ContentAmazon has been flesh outing its offerings in digital contentin many ways extending competition against Apple, plainly likewise leading the way in digital books. Although it was not the first manu situationurer, Amazon is reportedly the largest seller of e- readers with the prove. Amazon does not report sales separately for the burn. Amazon also noted in 2011 that ebooks for its Kindle reader have overtaken sales of paperback books as the most popularformat. The e-books had already exceeded hard-cover books the year before Wu 2011. For many of these reasons, Borders, a bricks-and-mortar foe to Amazon went under in 2011.Amazon is also working to expand sales of music. The Web site has relatively standardised pricing on current songs, simply often offers discounts on older albums. By 2011, Amazon was also trying to expand into video streaming. Customers who pay $79 a year to join thePrime program gain faster transferral, and also access to a library of dig ital movies and TV shows. Unfortunately, with limited ties to the movie studios, the offerings initially were relatively thin. However, other video streaming sites, including Netflix and Hulu, were also struggling to develop long-term contracts with studios. In kinsfolk 2011, Amazon announced a deal with Fox to offer movies and TV shows owned by the studio. At the like time, Netflix announced a similar deal with the Dreamworks studio. It will take time for studios to determine strategies on streaming video services and for consumers to make choices Woo and Kung 2011.In late 2011, Amazon released its own version of a tablet computer. The company continued to sell the Kindle e-book reader, but the tablet focused on audio frequency and video, using a air LCD display screen with a touch interface. Although it lacked features available on the market-leading Applet iPad, the Kindle table carried a price that was slightly half that of the iPad and other competitors ($200). The obvi ous design was to provide a device that encourages customers to corrupt more digital content directly from Amazon Peers 2011.Sales measureesSales tax revenuees have been a long-term neck with Amazon. The one-year Report notes that several states filed formal complaints with the company in March 2003. The basis for the individual suits is not detailed, but the basic intelligent position is that any company that has a tangible presence in a state (nexus by the terms of a U.S. Supreme Court ruling), is prevail over to that states laws and must wherefore collect the required sales taxes and absolution them to the state. The repugn is that the level of presence has neer beencl primeval defined. Amazon argues that it has no physical presence in most states and is consequently not required to collect taxes. The most recent challenges are based on Amazons affiliate program. Amazon pays a small commission to volume who expect Web sites and redirect art to the Amazon site. Fo r instance, a site might mention a book and then include a link to the book on the Amazon site.Several states have passed laws claiming that these relationships constitute a sales military group and open up Amazon to revenue within any state where these affiliates reside. In response, Amazon dropped the affiliate program in several states, has initiated a legal challenge in the state of newborn York, and in 2011, negotiated a modern deal sign(a) into law in California Letzing 2011. In the California deal, Amazon obtained a stay put in collecting taxes for at to the lowest degree a year, in exchange for place a refreshed distribution center field in the state and creating at least 10,000 full-time jobs. Amazon is also petition the U.S. Congress to create a tonic federal law to deal with the sales-tax out. However, be causation the state sales tax issue is set by the interstate commerce clause in the U.S. Constitution, a simple law will not alter the central principle s. However, if Congress desired, it might create a Federal Sales tax law with some method of apportioning the currency to states. But, do not bet on any major tax laws during a Presidential election year. study engineering scienceIn the first years, Amazon by design kept its Web site systems separate from its orderfulfillment system. The separation was partly due to the fact that the programmers did not have the technical cap qualification to connect them, and partly because the company precious to improve security by charge the order systems off the Web. By 1997, Amazons sales had r from each oneed $148 million for the year. The big book database was being run on Digital Alpha servers. Applications were still custom written in house. By early 2000, the company had over 100 separate database instances running on a mixed bag of servershandling terabytes of data.In 2000, Amazon intractable to overhaul its entire system. The company washed-out $200 million on new applications, including outline software from E.piphany, logistics from Manugistics, and a new DBMS from Oracle. The company alsosigned deals with SAS for data mining and analysis Collett 2002. But, one of its biggest deals was with Excelon for business-to-business integration systems. The system enables suppliers to communicate in real time, even if they do not have sophisticated IT departments. It provides a direct connection to Amazons ERP system either through programming connections or through a Web browser Konicki 2000.About the same time (May 2000), Amazon inked a deal with HP to contribute new servers and IT services riperidge and Nelson 2000. The new systems ran the open-source Linux operating system. Already by the third quarter of 2001, Amazon was able to suppress its IT cost by 24 percent from the same quarter in 2000 Collett 2002. By 2004, the supply chain system at Amazon was a critical reckon in its success. Jeffrey Wilke, Senior VP of worldwide operations, discovered that When we think astir(predicate) how were red ink to grow our company, we focus on price, selection, and availability. exclusively three depend critically on the supply chain Bacheldor 2004. Almost the entire system was make from scratch, customized to Amazons needs. When a customer places an order, the system flat connects to the distribution centers, determines the best way to ship the product, and provides the details to the customer in under dickens minutes. The entire process is automatic.Dr. Russell Allgor locomote from Bayer Chemical to Amazon and built an 800,000equation computer model of the companys sprawling operation. When implemented, the goal of the model was to suspensor accomplish almost everything from scheduling Christmas extra time to rerouting trucks in a snowstorm. Allgors preliminary exam work focused on one of Amazons most chafe problems How to keep inventory at a minimum, slice ensuring that when someone orders several products, they git be shipped i n a single box, preferably from the warehouse the company had sextet that is nearest the customer Hansell, 2001. Dr. Allgors analysis is simple, but heretical to Amazon veterans.Amazon should increase its dimensions of best sellers and stop holding slow-selling titles. It would still sell these titles but order them afterward the customer does. Lyn Blake, a vice president who previously ran Amazons book department and now oversees company relations with manufacturers, disagrees with this perspective. I worry about the customers perspectiveif we utterly have a lot of items that are not available for quick delivery.Amazons merchant and MarketPlace systems are powerful tools that enable smaller stores to sell their products through Amazons system. Amazon continually works to improve the connections on those systems. This system caused problems in 2001the main issue was that the data on the merchant Web sites was being updated only once every eight minute of arcs. The merchants link to Amazons main database servers, and interior(a) applications manoeuver the data onto the displayed page as requested. As customers purchased items, the inventory quantities were altered in the main servers, but the current totals were not transferred to the display pages until several hours later. Consequently, customers would be told that an item was in stock, even it had sold out several hours ago. To process the problem, Amazon installed Excelons ObjectStore database in 2002. The system functions as a cache management server, reducing the update times from eight hours down to twominutes. Paul Kotas, engineering director for the Merchants aggroup noted that with the growth of this business, we needed a zero-latency solution Whiting 2002.In 2003, Amazon added a simple object access communications protocol (SOAP) gateway so that retailers could easily variant automated connections to the system. Data is passed as XML documents and automatically converted to Amazons forma t Babcock 2003. One of the most successful technologies introduced by Amazon is the affinity list. When someone purchases an item, system makes recommendations based on similar items purchased by other customers. The system uses basic data mining and statistical tools to quickly run correlations and display the suggested products. Kaphan notes that There was always a vision to make the service as useful as possible to each user and to take advantage of the ability of the computer to help analyze a lot of data to show plurality things they were most likely to be kindle in Collett 2002.The system also phones every purchase made by a customer. So, the Amazon programmers created the Instant couch modify feature, that reminds customers if they have already purchased an item in their cart. Bezo notes that Customers lead busy lives and fannynot always remember if theyve already purchased a particular item. He also observedthat When we launched Instant Order Update, we were able to mea sure with statistical substance that the feature slightly numberd sales. Good for customers? Definitely. Good for shareowners? Yes, in the long run 2003 annual report.Capital expenditures for software and Web site development are not cheap $176 million, $146 million, and $128 million for 2010, 2009, and 2008 respectively (2010 annual Report). But, in comparison, in 2010, net income tax provisions were $352 million.New serveAmazon requires huge data centers and high-speed net connections to run its systems. Through vast economies of scale, Amazon is able to come across incredibly low prices for data storage and bandwidth. Around 2005, the company decided that it could leverage those low costs into a new business selling Internet-based services. The company offers an online data storage service called S3. For a monthly fee of about 15 cents per gigabyte stored plus 15 cents per gigabyte of data transferred, any person or company support transfer and store data on Amazon server s Markoff 2006. Through a similar service (EC2), any company can use the companys Web servers to deliver digital content to customers. The company basically serves as a Web host, but instead of paying fixed costs, you pay 10 cents per virtual server per hour plus bandwidth costs.Amazons meshing can handle bursts up to 1 gigabit per second. The system creates virtual servers, running the Linux kernel, and you can run any software you want Gralla 2006. By 2011, the company had several locations providing S3 and EC2 Web services. It also offered online relational database services using either MySQL or the Oracle DBMS. Anyone can pay to store data in the DBMS, with charges being levied per hour, per data stored, and per data transferred. The point is that Amazon handles all of the maintenance and other companies avoid fixed costs. Even governance agencies are adopting the benefits of storing data in these buy servicesincluding those run by Amazon. For example, the U.S. treasury De partment moved is public Web sites to the Amazon cloud. Pratt 2011.Perhaps the most anomalous service is Mturk. The name derives from an18-century joke where a mechanical chess-playing machine surprised atomic number 63an leaders and royalty by whipstitching many expert players. The ruse was that a human was hidden under the calling card and moved the pieces with magnets. Amazons trick is to use human power to act upon problems. Companies post projects on the Mturk site and offer to pay a price for stepwise work. Any individual can sign up and perform a confinement and get paid based on the amount of work completed. Amazon takes a 10 percent commission above the fee. For example, the company Casting Words places audio files on the site and pays people 42 cents to transcribe one minute of audio files into text Markoff 2006. The Amazon EC2 and S3 services suffered some problems in the summer of 2011.A variant error during an upgrade in the eastbound Coast facility triggered a exhibitor that delayed all services in the facility. Internet services including Foursquare and Reddit that used the facility were impacted by the problems for almost a week Tibken 2011. Amazon engineers conditioned a lot from the problems and the same issue is unlikely to occur again http//aws.amazon.com/ centre/65648/. But, the outage points out the essays involved in any centralized system. Ironically, the main problems were caused by algorithms knowing to copy data to multiple servers to reduce risks. On the other hand, with multiple facilities, Amazon provides the ability to spread content and risk across multiple locations. Adam Selipsky, vice president of product management and developer relations at Amazon Web Services observed that Amazon is fundamentally a technology company weve spent more than one and a half one thousand million dollars investing in technology and content. We began by retailing books, but it was never in our business plan to stay with that Gralla 2 006. monetary PerformanceWhen Amazon started, it spent huge amounts of currency not only mental synthesis infrastructure, but also buying market share. It took Amazon nine years to achieve profitability. And the profits started to arrive only after the company changed its pricing model counseling on retail prices for popular items and smaller discounts for all books. In the process, the company disordered almost $3 billion. It was not until 2009 that Amazon had generated enoughprofits to cover all of its prior losses (ignoring interest range and debt).The companys financial position has improved since 2000. Most of the improvement is due to increases in saleswhich is good. But, those sales increase largely by selling products for other firms, and from one more twist. Amazon no longer discounts most of the books that it sells. In fact, it is largely more expensive to purchase books from Amazon than to buy them from your local bookstore. For competitive online pricing, visit ww w.campusi.com, which searches multiple Web sites for the best price, but the selection might not be as large.Another source of change magnitude sales is the international market (largely Britain, Europe and Japan). Notice in the table that media sales (books, audio, and movies) are higher in the world(prenominal) market than in northwesterly America. more than products are sold in North America, but clearly the growth passage is the international market.Out of curiosity, where did all of that silver go? In 2003, Bezos noted that $900 million went to business technology $300 million was spent on thefulfillment centers and $700 million on marketing and customer accomplishment Murphy 2003. That support part largely represents selling books at a loss or offering free shipping while trying to attract customers. Those numbers add up to the $1.9 billion debt, but what happened to the other $1 billion in net losses? Interestingly, according to the 2010 Annual Report, Amazon still ru ns a loss on shipping. In 2010, the company declared shipping revenue of $1.2 billion, against outbound shipping costs of $2.6 billion, for a net loss of $1.4 billion Amazon continues to expand aggressively.In 2011, Amazon estimated revenue increases of 28-39 percent but increased operating expenses by about 38 percent. Tom Szkutak, Amazons finance chief noted that When you add something to the magnitude of 23 fulfillment centers, mostly in the course of the second half of last year, you have added costs and youre not as productive on those assets for some time, Wu 2011. For the longer term, Amazons leaders clearly indicate that they are cognizant of the stiff competitionboth from bricks-and-mortar retailers and from online rivals including small start-ups and established rivals including Apple and Google.Case Questions1. Who are Amazons competitors?2. Why would customers shop at Amazon if they can find better prices elsewhere? 3. Why did Amazon create most of its own technology fro m scratch? 4. If Amazon buys products from other firms and simply ships them to customers, why does it need so many of its own distribution centers?5. Will other retailers buy or lease the Web software and services from Amazon? washbowl Amazon make enough money from selling these services?6. Write a report to management that describes the primary cause of the problems, a detailed plan to solve them, and show how the plan solves the problems and describe any other benefits it will provide.Additional educationBabcock, Charles, Amazon Makes Online Merchandising Easier, educationWeek, kinfolk 15, 2003. Bacheldor, Beth, From Scratch Amazon Keeps Supply train Close To Home, schooling Week, March 5, 2004.Claburn, Thomas, Amazon.com And Toys R Us Are On The Outs, Information Week, May 31, 2004.Claburn, Thomas, Why Amazon Is Suing Toys R Us, Information Week, June 29, 2004. Collett, Stacy, The Webs Best-seller, Computerworld, kinsfolk 30, 2002. Goodridge, Elisabeth and Matthew G. Nels on, Update Amazon Drops Sun, Compaq For HP, Information Week, May 31, 2000.Gralla, Preston, Computing in the Cloud, Computerworld, December 21, 2006. Hansell, Saul. A Front-Row Seat as Amazon Gets Serious, The New York Times, May 20, 2001, http//www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/technology/20AMAZ.html. Hayes, Mary, CDs, lofty Heels, Flannel Shirts, Information Week, November 4, 2002. Heun, Christopher T., Amazon, Borders Team For superb Customer Service, Information Week, April 16, 2001. Heun, Christopher T., Amazon dismissal Shrinks AOL Buys Amazon Search Service, Information Week, July 24, 2001. Heun, Christopher T., Amazon Plugs Into Circuit City In profitableness Drive, Information Week, August 27, 2001.Konicki, Steve, Amazon lights-out Excelon To Redo Supply-Chain System, Information Week, October 30, 2000.Kontzer, Tony, Amazon Teams With Expedia On Online Travel Store, Information Week, September 26, 2001.Letzing, John, Amazon Wins Reprieve on California Tax in Exchange for Jobs , The beleaguer route Journal, September 23, 2011.Mangalindan, Mylene, Threatening eBays Dominance, to a greater extent Online Sellers Go It Alone, The ring Street Journal, June 22, 2005.Markoff, John, software Out There, The New York Times, April 5, 2006. Murphy, Chris, Amazon, The Services Firm, Information Week, June 10, 2003. Peers, Martin, Launching New Tablet, Amazon Plays With Fire, The Wall Street Journal, September 29, 2011.Pratt, Mary K., Feds racecourse to the Cloud, Computerworld, July 13, 2011. Tibken, Shara, Amazon Cloud Snafu Disrupts Websites, The Wall Street Journal, April 21, 2011.Whiting, Rick, System Overhaul Boosts Amazons Inventory Update Time, Information Week, February 19, 2002.Stu Woo, Expenses Eat at Amazons Profit, The Wall Street Journal, January 28, 2011. Stu Woo and Michelle Kung, Netflix, Amazon Add to Movies, The Wall Street Journal, September 27, 2011.