All Quiet On The Western Front - Film Versus Novel Essay -- Erich Maria

All moderate on the Western Front is a novel by Erich Maria Remarque, published in 1928 about Paul Baumer, a 19 year old student, who is persuaded by his schoolmaster to join the Imperial German Army. He goes to the western front where he and his comrades witnesses the horror and brutality of fight through a series of deadly, meaningless battles that left an entire generation traumatized. The book was adapted to a movie in 1930 as well as 1979. Having recently viewed the latter, I would strongly recommend that anyone read the novel rather than watch the 1979 postulate. To clarify, I am not immediately against a film make just because it is not the original at times it is interesting to see how a book is interpreted, however books are often nasty to make into a film and unfortunately, All Quiet on the Western Front was no exception. Not only was the film an poor adaptation, but it also was not visually appealing, the acting was somewhat poor, the wrong parts were emphasized and the atmosphere of the movie was insufficient to that of the novel.When any book is made into a movie, one of the most difficult tasks is interpreting the visual aspects, and viewers are often disappointed by the result as it is not how they imagined it while reading the book. While the All Quiet on the Western Front novel was limited only by the readers imagination, The movies action scenes were anything but realistic and the special effects did not stand the see of time as modern films contain oft more sophisticated special effects... While movies should never be judged by special effects alone, the film was certainly not enhanced by them. In fact modern audiences might even consider the effects as humorous which was certainly not the intention.Mo... ...the 1979 film adaptation of All Quiet on the Western Front failed to live up to the novel. Because it was made in the 1970s, the special effects were unrealistic and inferior to what one pictured while reading the novel. Compare d to the novel, the film was also practically censored in terms of how lifelike it was. Remarque intentionally made the novel graphic in order to present the anti-war theme, therefore the effectiveness of the film was diminished. The acting in the film was also mediocre and disappointing, and the cast was not well chosen. The trenches in the movie were also slightly softened from how they were described in the novel. Paul Baumers thoughts and feelings were also not presented as well as they were in the novel. Ultimately, the novel was much more effective at delivering its anti war message, and telling the story. I is not happy. Penispuffer.

Cultural Diversity in The Tempest Essays -- Tempest essays

Cultural Diversity in The storm If we look at Shakespe atomic number 18s untypically short play The Tempest, the character of Caliban represents a noble savage who is enslaved, exploited, and endowed with low-self paying attention due to the ethnocentric views of those who encounter him. In much the same way of life as the British originally exploited the Hindus or Americans exploited Native Americans, Caliban is considered the plaza of those who encounter him, solely because he is non of the same heritage, customs, and manners of his oppressors. The proscription and exploitation of Caliban because he is perceived as a brutish animal compared to civilise folks is in keeping with the theme and intent of the play-to show that realism is more a manifestation of mentality and conscious perception than concrete abusive and white, definable phenomena. As one scholar of Elizabethan imaging suggests, The poet who imitates not the visible e crafth but the intelligible as manifest ed in the visible provide not consider that the use of art to emphasize form makes imagery less true to nature (Scanlan 1). In The Tempest we see a great deal of artifice to understand what is manifested in the visible, however, with Caliban we see that all the artifice in the world does not help him be accepted by those who inhabit the island once his own. Prospero has enslaved the watchword that Sycorax did litter on the island, and his lovely daughter Miranda says of his slave, Tis a villain, sir,/I do not love to look on (Shakespeare 5). Of course, Prospero says he enslaved Caliban because he tried to coupled with his daughter, however, Caliban, sounding like someone who has had their land and culture stolen from them, replies to this, O ho,... ...nce and innovation are often perceived as evil, wrong or somehow insufficient in relation to the dominant culture or social norms. These issues are very timely as we face the increase globalization of the world and increasing pr essures to accept and integrate with diverse cultures. Works Cited Baker Siepmann, K. (ed.) Benets Readers Encyclopedia. New York, harper & Row, Publishers, New York, 1987. Moore, P. The Tempest and the Bermuda Shipwreck of 1609. Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter. Summer, 1996, 1-2. Scanlan, R. Shakespeares New World Fantasia. http//fas-www.harvard.edu/art/center.html April 21, 1999, 1-3. Scanlan, R. The Veil of Poetry. http//www.fas.harvard.edu/art/poetry.html April 21, 1999, 1-2. Shakespeare, W. William Shakespeare The Complete Works. New York, Gramercy Books, 1975. Cultural Diversity in The Tempest Essays -- Tempest essaysCultural Diversity in The Tempest If we look at Shakespeares atypically short play The Tempest, the character of Caliban represents a noble savage who is enslaved, exploited, and endowed with low-self esteem due to the ethnocentric views of those who encounter him. In much the same way as the British originally exploited the Hindus or America ns exploited Native Americans, Caliban is considered the property of those who encounter him, solely because he is not of the same heritage, customs, and manners of his oppressors. The ostracism and exploitation of Caliban because he is perceived as a brutish animal compared to civilized folks is in keeping with the theme and intent of the play-to show that reality is more a manifestation of mentality and conscious perception than concrete black and white, definable phenomena. As one scholar of Elizabethan imagery suggests, The poet who imitates not the visible world but the intelligible as manifested in the visible will not consider that the use of artifice to emphasize form makes imagery less true to nature (Scanlan 1). In The Tempest we see a great deal of artifice to understand what is manifested in the visible, however, with Caliban we see that all the artifice in the world does not help him be accepted by those who inhabit the island once his own. Prospero has enslaved the s on that Sycorax did litter on the island, and his lovely daughter Miranda says of his slave, Tis a villain, sir,/I do not love to look on (Shakespeare 5). Of course, Prospero says he enslaved Caliban because he tried to coupled with his daughter, however, Caliban, sounding like someone who has had their land and culture stolen from them, replies to this, O ho,... ...nce and diversity are often perceived as evil, wrong or somehow inferior in relation to the dominant culture or social norms. These issues are very timely as we face the increasing globalization of the world and increasing pressures to accept and integrate with diverse cultures. Works Cited Baker Siepmann, K. (ed.) Benets Readers Encyclopedia. New York, Harper & Row, Publishers, New York, 1987. Moore, P. The Tempest and the Bermuda Shipwreck of 1609. Shakespeare Oxford Newsletter. Summer, 1996, 1-2. Scanlan, R. Shakespeares New World Fantasia. http//fas-www.harvard.edu/art/center.html April 21, 1999, 1-3. Scanlan, R. The Veil of Poetry. http//www.fas.harvard.edu/art/poetry.html April 21, 1999, 1-2. Shakespeare, W. William Shakespeare The Complete Works. New York, Gramercy Books, 1975.

Sammy in Updikes A&P Essay -- John Updike

The briny character in bottom Updikes short story A&P is Sammy. The storys first-person context gives the reader a unique insight toward the principal(prenominal) characters hold feelings and choices, as well as the reasons for the choices. The reader is allowed to closely observe Sammys observations and first impressions of the three girls who come to the grocery store on a pass good afternoon in the early 1960s. In order to understand this short story, one must first recognize the social climate of the era, the age of the main character, and the come-on this individual faces.Sammy is a product of his generation. In the 1960s the social climate was changing. The new ideas of the youth were taking over the traditions of their parents. Music and the drug husbandry began to form the perspective as more people were listening to rock and roll music and experimenting with mind-altering drugs in an effort to free themselves from the strict societal demands of the 1950s. Sammy demons trates this as he describes his work uniform - the bow tie and apron. This can also be observed when Sammys manager, Le... Sammy in Updikes A&P Essay -- John UpdikeThe main character in John Updikes short story A&P is Sammy. The storys first-person context gives the reader a unique insight toward the main characters own feelings and choices, as well as the reasons for the choices. The reader is allowed to closely observe Sammys observations and first impressions of the three girls who come to the grocery store on a summer afternoon in the early 1960s. In order to understand this short story, one must first recognize the social climate of the era, the age of the main character, and the temptation this individual faces.Sammy is a product of his generation. In the 1960s the social climate was changing. The new ideas of the youth were taking over the traditions of their parents. Music and the drug culture began to change the perspective as more people were listening to r ock and roll music and experimenting with mind-altering drugs in an effort to free themselves from the strict societal demands of the 1950s. Sammy demonstrates this as he describes his work uniform - the bow tie and apron. This can also be observed when Sammys manager, Le...

Mephistophilis in Marlowe’s Faustus Essay examples -- Marlowe Faustus

Mephistophilis in Marlowes FaustusMephistophilis is a striking central character in the play loadFaustus, written by Christopher Marlowe in the late sixteenthcentury. His role in this flamboyant yet tragic play is ultimately toaid Faustus downfall from noted scholar to foolhardy prey ofLucifer. However, Mephistophilis motives are perceptibly ambiguousthroughout desexualize Faustus he seemingly alternates between atypically gleeful medieval daimon, and a romantically suffering fallenangel.Mephistophilis first appears in Doctor Faustus in the third scene,when he is summoned by Faustus experimental necromancy, as taught tohim by Valdes and Cornelius. Faustus becomes intrigued by the notionof employing dark magic to supply him with what he most cravesknowledge. Mephistophilis first appears to Faustus in his true,terrifying form (suggested on the Elizabethan stage by a lowereddragon). This wholly terrifying image is in keeping with the medievalconcept of the devil as a hellish superna tural being that encapsulatedhorror. Mephistophilis visual aspect shocks Faustus to the extent thathe implores him to return in a different form, this time as an oldFranciscan friar. This embodiment epitomises much of the confusionconcerning the devils character although the costume of a friar isseemingly unpretentious and reassuring (and, for Marlowescontemporaries, a daring anti-catholic joke), in a stage transactionof Doctor Faustus the raised hood and floor-length robe is ominousand chilling. It is this contradictory melange of qualities that makeMephistophilis such an ambiguous character throughout the play. In his first scene, Mephistophilis adopts the deflating and belittlin... ...is is a wonderfullymulti-dimensional character, developed in an intriguing manner thatmakes the devil intensely unpredictable and thrilling. The sharpcontrast between his fiendishly gleeful qualities and the aspects thatsuggest a romantically suffering angel fallen from grace, in myopinion, make the character much more absorbing. Perhaps Marlowerealised that the most captivating characters could never persist inone-dimensional. Although many critics are unhappy with the apparentinconsistencies, I think it is the combination of the gleeful andtormented aspects of the character that make him the centralmasterpiece of Doctor Faustus. Bibliography------------- Doctor Faustus by Christopher Marlowe (edited by John D. Jump)- www.sparknotes.com- Marlowe Doctor Faustus by Philip Brockbank- Marlowe The Overreacher by Harry Levin

Apache And Cherokee Indians :: essays research papers

The Apache Indians of North America prospered for years throughout Kansas, New Mexico, and Arizona. They were a religious society who believed in a &8220 sponsor of life. As any complex society today, The Apache had publicy inter-tribal differences, although the tribe as a whole was able to see through these conflicts. Women and the extended family played an big role in the society and also in the lives of young children. Groups of different extended families, called bands, often lived together and functioned democratically. The Apache also evolved as the coming of the white man changed their lives. These Indians became adept at using horses and guns, both introduced to them by the coming settlers. As with most Indian tribes in North America the lives of the Apache were destroyed as their life-blood, the buffalo were slaughtered by the whites. The Apache were forced into surrender after years of struggle. One leader, Geronimo, was especially hard for the whites to capture. After y ears of evading white soldiers Geronimo was taken to Florida and treated as a prisoner of war. Government sponsored assimilation saw English forced upon the Apache robbing them of their culture. In 1934 The Indian Recognition Act helped establish the Indian culture as a recognized way of life. This act gave the Apache land, which the Apache in turn used for ranching. The destruction of the Apache culture was not recoverable and saw the Apache lose much of their language. The documentary on the Apache was very well done. The Indians of North America series, produced by Chelsea House, seems to be a very well thought-out series and the film on the Apache was no exception. The film locomote quickly throughout the life and times of the Apache. This film, as no surprise, is a great educational tool. I felt that the life of Geronimo, the best-known Apache throughout history, could hurt been examined a little more carefully. The CherokeeThe story of the Cherokee Indians was probably the m ost disturbing of any we have seen so far. The Cherokee were the most unfortunate of the North American Indian solely because the lived on the Eastern half of the United States. Their geographical location left them to be the first major tribe to come in give with the white men. The Cherokees saw one man, Andrew Jackson, as a sole enemy. Jackson, ignoring, a treaty President Washington had signed, waged war on the Cherokee.

Apache And Cherokee Indians :: essays research papers

The Apache Indians of northeastward America prospered for years throughout Kansas, New Mexico, and Arizona. They were a religious family who believed in a &8220giver of lifetime. As any entangled society today, The Apache had many inter-tribal differences, although the tribe as a whole was able to see through these conflicts. Women and the extended family played an important role in the society and also in the lives of young children. Groups of different extended families, called bands, often lived together and functi unitaryd democratically. The Apache also evolved as the coming of the white man changed their lives. These Indians became adept at victimization horses and guns, both introduced to them by the coming settlers. As with most Indian tribes in North America the lives of the Apache were destroyed as their life-blood, the buffalo were slaughtered by the whites. The Apache were forced into throw in after years of struggle. One leader, Geronimo, was especially hard for th e whites to capture. After years of evading white soldiers Geronimo was taken to Florida and treated as a prisoner of war. Government sponsored preoccupation saw English forced upon the Apache robbing them of their culture. In 1934 The Indian Recognition Act helped establish the Indian culture as a recognized way of life. This conduct gave the Apache land, which the Apache in turn used for ranching. The destruction of the Apache culture was not recoverable and saw the Apache lose much of their language. The documentary on the Apache was very well done. The Indians of North America series, produced by Chelsea House, seems to be a very well thought-out series and the film on the Apache was no exception. The film moved quickly throughout the life and times of the Apache. This film, as no surprise, is a great educational tool. I felt that the life of Geronimo, the best-known Apache throughout history, could have been examined a little more than carefully. The CherokeeThe story of the Cherokee Indians was probably the most disturbing of any we have seen so far. The Cherokee were the most unfortunate of the North American Indian solely because the lived on the easterly half of the United States. Their geographical location left them to be the first major tribe to come in contact with the white men. The Cherokees saw one man, Andrew Jackson, as a sole enemy. Jackson, ignoring, a treaty President Washington had signed, waged war on the Cherokee.

Heart of Darkness Essay

Kurtz is the man who Marlow searches for through the Congo. Marlows search develops into an obsession and when the search has ended, he only finds a empennage of a man that was once Kurtz. Kurtz was a man who had achieved great things in his life, inspiring each person he had cut across and was expected to hit more. He came into the Congo with great plans for civilizing the natives, however he became esuriencey, which ended up being the subject of his own demise. I had immense plans I was on the threshold of great things.Kurtzs main characteristics were his ability to talk passionately to people and inspire them with his words. He had a charisma that made people feel that he was some kind of a magnificence. Kurtz was a very talented human being, gifted in many areas. He could not be pinned down to a specific talent. He was seen as a great musician to his cousin that Marlow visits, a brilliant politician and leader of men to the journalist and a genius and humanitarian to his in tended. Marlow views him as a universal genius. Kurtz is a round character, who is explored deeply and at times, almost to deep.He is neither the protagonist nor the antagonist, but he is a complex main character within the novel. In places where Kurtz is described, there is imagery of darkness and foreboding evil. Kurtz was an exaggeration of the white people who had come to Africa for money. Kurtzs greed for ivory became extreme and even made him violent and aggressive. He was the idea of the self-made man that was the American dream. It was thought that any man could travel and be wealthy materially and spiritually. He was living that dream for a while, before it swallowed him whole.His ego inflated and he believed himself to be a superior being such as beau ideal. He let himself be worshipped among the natives and encircled himself with darkness and evil. Hence, his ideals had changed from his journey through Africa. And he soon became one of the natives. Releasing himself fro m civilization and restraint. When Marlow at last reached Kurtz, Kurtz had become hollow. Kurtz had reached insanity. He was no longer the great man he had once been. He was hollow at the core. Through conversing with the natives and immersing himself with them, Kurtz lost his restraint, which he had in condition(p) through civilization.By taking part in native ceremonial gatherings, he had lost his soul and he had succumbed to darkness. How many powers of darkness claimed him for their own. The reason for his behavior was his greed for ivory. He gave up his soul only for the sole purpose of money and success. However, his actions are justified as Marlow expresses that leaving a man in a jungle with nothing but himself and the desire to make money, will make him go mad. Without restraint from his own culture, Kurtzs basic instincts were released. Kurtzs visual aspect had dramatically altered as well.He was extremely thin and had a baldhead he had also lost the ability to walk. From being a God to the natives, he soon comes to despise them. He sees them as rebels, which is why he has stuck heads on sticks outside his hut. Exterminate the brutes In the end, Kurtz dies just after he has come to realize that he has become the heart of darkness. He is an embodiment of evil and he highlights this by saying, The horror The horror Kurtz was an imperialist who was a symbol of colonization, and a symbol of the jungle.

Segregation: Martin Luther King

In the early 1900s America was torn apart in a battle known as requisition. The African American race was set unjustly and faced a tough journey. They were shoved aside and torn apart from the Caucasian Americans. There was separate railroad cars, schools, and even to such small insignificant things as separate water fountains. The white children were being taught to treat African Americans as dirty battalion who be to be separate. It created a prejudice that would take years to overcome, to completely be unselfish again.Caucasian Americans were very reproach in their thinking and they never thought about how it do African Americans feel. The African Americans of this epoch period were struggling to overcome this new time where they were treated as outsiders, as if they were not a part of the American people. Every single human being is uniquely different and segregation was a ceaseless battle our fellow Americans fought to overcome, all for the sole purpose of gaining equa lity. There were Caucasian people who thought segregation was a good thing and support it strongly.They didnt think there was anything wrong with separate facilities and they didnt even wonder about how African Americans lives were affected by this injustice. African Americans rights were basically stripped off all because they were viewed as different. A Florida congressman, Frank Clark, was open about his views on segregation. He truly believed segregation was a great thing and he supported this belief. When talking about the railroad cars he explains that it is good to have separate ones. He blames the conditions of the cars on the African Americans.He states to imagine a nice, new rider coach, packed with dirty, greasy, filthy negroes, down South in midsummer, and you can readily understand why that car does not long remain as good, as clean, and a as desirable as a similar car occupied exclusively by white travelers (Frank Clark praises segregation 37). In this state custodyt he was expressing his true beliefs. He also state that if God Almighty had intended these two races to be equal, He would have so created them (Frank Clark praises segregation 37). Frank Clark was a very firm believer in the Social Darwinism theory.He believed that white men were better because God created them that delegacy. He was very prejudiced in his way of viewing the human races, as if whites were superior. Another person who supported segregation was George Wallace, a governor of Alabama. During his inauguration wrangle, he says that in the name of the greatest people that have ever trod this earth, I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny and I say segregation today, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever (George C. Wallace, Inaugural Address as governor of Alabama 120). He wanted the Southerners to fight for segregation.He wanted them to vote and to defend their homeland. Wallace said that he was helping every person in the state, except in all actuality he was supporting whites only. Not as openly as few, but definitely in favor of segregation. He wanted the Southerners to be the most powerful, the Caucasian Southerners. Segregation was a very powerful movement that had everyone in an uproar. Although some saw segregation as a good thing, many others fought for their freedom wholeheartedly. For this reason, the Separate but Equal case eventually became overthrown.Those who fought for freedom slowly made progress. W.E. B Du Bois, a leading African American of this time, stood up for the rights they were being robbed of. He didnt believe Booker T. Washington was dealing with civil rights in the best way possible. Talking about the African American race, he states that -we must unceasingly and firmly oppose them. By every civilized and placid method we must strive for the rights which the world accords to men, clinging unwaveringly to those great words which the sons of the Fathers would fain forget We hold these truths to be self evident That all men are created equal that they are endowed by their Creator (W.E. B Du Bois, Of Mr. Booker T. Washington 33).He believed there were ignoring the fact that the stands there were already taking and the movements that had created were not working. He believed they needed to take a better stand to end segregation. Another supporter of ending segregation was pro-baseball player Jackie Robinson. He wrote a letter to President Eisenhower so that he could explain what it was like living in America this way. He wanted the president to understand what they were doing to the African American race.Robinson explains that the African Americans have been patient for too long and it was time for the country to change. He wanted the president to give them the rights they were entitled to have as Americans. He challenged the President to find a way to give them back their freedom and treat them equally. (Letter From Jackie Robinson to President Eisenhower 10 3). During this time period, one of the most famous speeches of all time was given. Martin Luther Kings, I Have a Dream Speech rocked the landed estate to its core. He wanted to completely end segregation and create a nation that was equal.He believed that civil rights advocates should not use violence to get this freedom, but to do it in a way that showed American the true souls of the African American people. He dreamed of a day when the nation would treat everyone equally, he dreamed of a time when whites and former slaves could share a table and meal, he dreamed of Mississippi becoming a state of freedom and justice instead of oppression. Martin Luther King had a dream that children would not be judged by their flake off but by who they were as individuals.He had a dream that one day we could all sing together My country tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the Pilgrims pride, from every mountainside, let freedom ring (Martin Luther King, I have a Dream Speech 122). This was the most influential speech of all and many people took it to heart. All of these different people fought to end segregation. Segregation was a true raging enemy in the eyes of African Americans. They wanted the freedom that was promised to all American and they fought hard to gain that freedom.Many speeches, many movements and many humiliating experiences got them closer and closer to achieving their goal. Finally the Supreme move declared segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional under the 14th Amendment. This was the first progress African Americans had seen in a long time. They deserved to be treated equally. America would not be America if people were not all equally free. Freedom holds this country together, as it has for all of the years past. Segregation was a battle fought for years, but in the end was worth it for every race, ethnicity, and even religious person could have equality.

Early Childhood Education: Raising Children the Right Way Essay

In betimes Childhood Education teaching a claw to read and write at earlier ages can have positive results when showing them cultivational videos and programs. archaean Childhood Education is a field that get out never lose significance. It sheds light on the best parenting styles and other significant military issues related to raising nipperren. It also gives us a glimpse of how unexampled children grok the piece and how we can put this new knowledge to use for the benefits of children, parents and society.Young children slowly develop a concept of gender finished interaction with their environment. Children detection of gender and how they define differences between male and female gender roles would offer an excellent research topic in advance(prenominal) childhood education. Particularly during the outset three years are critical and influence the child for life. Learning is not confined to children of a certain age or to a ball school environment.Encouraging ch ildren to feed and explore with other children helps them learn and develop socially, emotionally, physically and intellectually. Play is central to childrens education, regardless of the actual content. The process play helps children get involved with exploration, language experimentation, cognition, and also the development of social skills. Being interactive with other children teaches them about who they are and about the people rough them. first Childhood education affects a childs learning somewhat in a good way in somewhat not.When a child goes to a pre-school with teachers that get out teach them what they will need to know for the upcoming year those students will have a better chance when they get to kindergarten, moreover if a child goes to a pre-school with little learning material or teaching style those students might have a hard time property up with the students that had a better learning work through. Recent study Published in the Journal of Early Childhoo d Research this study found the eccentric of a pre-school significantly predicts a childs educational success. Not all early childhood education is created equal.Not only is it important for parents to do their research when choosing a pre-school for their child, but its also important for our child care professionals and teachers to be well trained. A teachers educational experience greatly affects the overall delivery of a childs learning in many ways. According to the National Association for the Education of Young Childrens (NAEYC) Position statement on standards for programs to prepare early childhood professionals, the level of a teachers education directly affects any benefits the child may receive from the program.This includes early learning and development in cognitive, social, emotional and physical domains. High quality college courses will give the teacher specialized knowledge that will help to inform his decisions, teaching methods and curriculum creation. For ex ample a teacher with extensive knowledge in child development will be commensurate to assess each childs abilities and identify potential developmental delays and/ or adapt curriculum to fit the childs needs.It is important to ascertain child development and to recognize each childs individual characteristics and cultural background when planning learning activities that enable children to make sense of their world. Children develop the skills necessary to solve real life problems and become better prepared to think for themselves when they are opened to experiences that 1) spark interest and crotchet, 2) integrate learning experiences, and 3) structure their thinking.These are some skills that are used in the process of childhood education Symbolization- Students use symbols to represent an idea, Observation- students use senses to learn about something in detail, description- students verbally portray attributes of an object, person, scene, or event and its so many more skills that help a child in their childhood development. (www. uen. org) Benefits of early childhood education provide children with the skills that will help increase their vocabulary development and cognitive abilities.Children start learning from birth, early childhood education, whether it is in a topical anaesthetic head-start program, a pre-school or at home, can help a child increase vocabulary development by familiarizing them with words and their meanings. According to Rand weed Research early education has lasting benefits, showing increases in IQ levels and cognitive abilities such as the ability to understand both concepts and abstract thoughts. Children exposed to early childhood education can be more prepared for social environments.A child becomes competent in learning to socially interact with adults and other children. With parental support, the child can learn not only what is socially appropriate in the classroom, but also in public places and in their home. Social competency is a key skill for a child to learn, as it will benefit them throughout their life time. Like clay, children are extremely moldable in their preschool, kindergarten, and early elementary years. Between the ages of five and eight, children are actively engaged in making sense of the large, confusing world around them.In this floor, it is important that children receive the educational guidance that urges them to explore and enthusiastically interact with their setting as they develop socially, physically, intellectually, creatively and emotionally. In this early stage of development, much learning is cultivated by play or playful learning. With the world advancing technologically by the day, new and innovative methods to engage young children and accelerate their development are emerging.It is up to the early childhood educator to seize on these developments as they work to cultivate a life-long sense of curiosity and exploration in the future leaders of tomorrow. (Early Childhood Education. com) Conducting learning activities by applying the concepts of contemplative education is what to emphasize the personal transformation of first year students majoring in Early Childhood Education to meet the national standard on the required characteristics of citizens. The objectives of this research were to compare students mean score in each fount of E.Q. with the norm of the Department of Mental Health to compare students mean score of E. Q. before and after conducting the activities and to study students opinions on the learning activities. (University Library) Although the number of children enrolled in early childhood education and care has risen dramatically over past decades, low-income children are less likely than their more affluent counterparts to participate. Public support for early education can play an important role in increasing enrollment levels among low-income children.This study utilizes National Household Education Survey data for a 1 4-year period to examine the effects of public funding on the enrollment of low-income children in early childhood education and care. It also considers the effects of funding on the type of care they use. Results suggest that public funding, particularly child-care subsidies and prekindergarten funding, increases the likelihood that low-income children, even those under 3 years of age, will attend non-parental care, including center-based care.These findings indicate that public funding can help close the gap in enrollment between low- and higher-income children. (University Library) Early education can increase cognitive skills in children, according to Katherine A. Magnuson and her colleagues who reputation in the February 2007 issue of Economics of Education Review that children from under-served communities who attended preschool showed more cognitive improvement than their peers. Columbia University researchers confirm this connection through their study create in the July 2 003 issue of Developmental Psychology. They found that prematurely born 8 year olds who attended 400 or more days of preschool at ages 2 and 3 years old scored higher on IQ tests than prematurely born 8 year olds of similar backgrounds who attended preschool less often. Children going through early education has great out comes like, improved cognitive skills can lead to improved academic results. Magnusons study indicated that children enrolled in prekindergarten performed better in reading and mathematics when they entered grade school.Children enrolled in early childhood education programs are less likely to be held back a grade in school, according to the Public Policy Forum. These children also have a decreased likelihood of being enrolled in special education remedial programs. The future of early childhood education school programs is bright. As more children are born in the United States and other developing countries, educational programs for children will always be needed to prepare them for careers that will help sustain our global society.There will always be a need for an early childhood education program in fields such as bilingual education, literacy, mathematics and science. According to the statistics provided by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor, employment pauperization for careers in secondary, middle and elementary schools are expected to show a significant increase. These positions will be available because of the increase in the population, but the hire will also increase due the retirement of teachers within urban areas of the United States.Therefore, there will be more than 244,000 additional jobs available by 2018 for those that have acquired an ECE degree. Additionally, teaching assistant positions are expected to have an increased demand by as much as 10 percent, while administrative positions in early childhood education school setting will have a demand growth by as much as 8 percent. Educat ional providers of ECE degree programs will need to prepare for these significant increases by training new educators now.Reference Page Table of Contents Early childhood Education- Authors Ogletree Quinita, Larke, Patrica J Plarked National forum of Multicultural Issues Journal Dec 2011, vol. 9 Issue, P1-9, 9P University of phoenix library1 Education and families Authors Greenberg, Joy Pastan Sep 2010, volume 84 issue 3, P490, 30 P,6 charts, 1 Graph University of phoenix libraby2 Author M. Lavora Perry June 16, 2010 www.. livestrong. com Google lookup3 www. unicef. org Google lookup4

“Graduate Unemployment in Nigeria: Causes, Effects and Remedies”

ELEGBEDE SIKIRULAHI TUNDE DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT FACULTY OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION, UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS, LAGOS , NIGERIA. snatch This paper examines ca manipulations of unemployment in Nigeria as well as the consequences and implications of receive unemployment in Nigeria. The paper also provides recitationful suggestion and recommendations on how to curb grad in Nigeria. The paper adopts empirical abbreviation to examine the causes of unemployment in Nigeria. The data used in this pick out is of two type base and secondary data.However, for the primary data the questionnaire was used to solicit responses from the respondents. In conclusion economic recession, governmental polity, employment of expatriates and trade union pursue bespeak increase the score of unemployment. The study fury that planning for human resources use in Nigeria has been based on guesswork and must be re-evaluate. I. INTRODUCTION Economists ar unable to agree o n the causes of or cures for unemployment (or anything else, it seems). The essence of the Keynesian explanation is that firms regard too little repel because individuals demand too few goods.The classical view was that unemployment was voluntary and could be percipient by natural market strong points. The neo-classical theory is that there is a natural rate of unemployment, which reflects a given rate of technology, individual preferences and endowments. With flexible wages in a competitive churn market, wages adjust to clear the market and any unemployment that remains is voluntary. The latter view was that held by Milton Friedman and strongly influenced government policy in the early 1980s, but without success. There is, of course, no simple explanation of unemployment and no simple solution.Unemployment can conceive as the tot of people who are unemployed in an area, often given as a percentage of the total labor force. 1 These categorical of persons or people are activel y looking for compensable employment without success under the prevailing economic condition. Unemployment is the grea trial challenge to underdeveloped and developing countries. the phenomenon of graduate unemployment ( GU) as it is being go through in the developing countries constitute a peculiar problems to labor market and the general economy of these countries.From the content analysis perceptions of business seekers on the issue of graduate unemployment in a study conducted by Fajana (2000), the following factors were identified as the major causes of unemployment in Nigeria the long plosive speech sound of initial unemployment among university graduates in Nigeria , faulty men planning and expansion of educational facilities that harbor unduly raised the expectations of Nigerian youths , the economic recession , continued proportionality of expatriates in employment , the institution of NYSC ,the incarnate bargaining process, graduate attitude to well-nigh type of c heats attitude to jobs in other location as well as search behaviour of employers and job seekers, use of capital intensive technology , wide campestral- urban migration , formal informal areas differentials. All these and many other factors collapse the causes of graduate unemployment in Nigeria. The aim of this paper is to critically evaluates all these factors so as to determine their meetings graduate job seekers in Nigeria and other LDCs.The consumption of this paper is to examine all the conglomerate factors that contribute to graduate unemployment with the view to provide suggestions and solutions on how to curb the problem of graduate unemployment in Nigeria. This paper will also examine how the actions of the industrial dealing actors contribute to graduate unemployment in Nigeria. This paper intends to achieve the following 1- To identify the causes of unemployment in Nigeria 2- To examine the consequences and implications of graduate unemployment in Nigeria. 3- To provide useful suggestion and recommendations on how to curb graduate unemployment. 4- To provide the framework for further studies in this area. 5- T o provide guidelines and information for policy formulation in hold back unemployment in Africa. II. LITERATURE REVIEW 2Fajana ( 2000), and Standing( 1983) opined that unemployment can be describe as the state of work littleness experienced by persons who are members of the labour force who perceived themselves and are perceived by others as capable of work. Unemployed people can be categorized into those who have never worked after graduation from the university and those who and those who have lost(p) their jobs thereby seeking reentry into labour market. However, most of the previous study on unemployment of youths especially of graduates unemployment in developing countries ( Falae , 1971,Bhalla 1973Diejomaoh,1979 Bear and Herve 1966Bhagwati 1973 Diejomaoh and Orimolade 1971) have tended to ignore the special eccentric of th e university graduates that are first time job seeker.This study makes an endeavour to focus on the university graduate first job seeker. According to William (1976) the meaning of work to gainful employment is the result of the developing of capitalist productive relations. However, according to Fajana (2002) the concept of work has partly shifted from productive effort itself to the predominant social relationship. For instance , it is but in the sense of social relationship that a woman running a house and bringing up children can be said non to be working ( Hayes and Nutman,1981Iyoha ) UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA TRENDS After the 1967-1970 civil war in Nigeria , the incidence of graduate unemployment was suspected, rumored and feared( Fajana 2000).In this regards professor Diejomaoh ( 1979) in a study conducted at the human resource unit of the university of Lagos found that the incidence of graduate unemployment mingled with 1965 and 1972 was not a serious problem contrary to what is being dreaded. besides , Folayan Ojo ( 1979) attributed whatever level of graduate unemployment ( presumably small ) during the period 1965-1972 to slow bureaucratic machinery for the processing of application for jobs and the influence system might have caused some graduates to remain temporarily unemployed for the first few months after graduation. However at that time there had been shortage of medical doctors, graduate teachers and engineers while factory farm graduate are under-lend oneselfd. However, the trends have changed expectantly from late 1970s till date. Currently the number of universities has increased and their curricular have expanded.The motivation for the establishment of undercover universities was in part a response to unprecedented demand by Nigerians for higher education ( Sylverster Ugoh ,1982) 3 with phenomenal expansion in education , the demand for this service and students enrollment had become so rife that by 1985 the turn out figure had r isen to 30,000 per year even into the 1990s ( federal ministry of labour ,1985) the trend of undergraduate application and admission into universities is shown in table 1 and 2 below 2003/2004 M F 2004/2005 M F 2005/2006 M F 2006/2007 M F 2007/2008 M F 603,176 443,764 484,217 353,834 527,180 390,780 521,170 391,180 578,715 455,368TABLE 1 TOTAL NUMBER OF UNIVERSITIES ENROLMENT BETWEEN 2003 AND 2008. SOURCE vocalize ADMISSION AND MATRICULATION BOARD, 2009 2003/2004 M F 2004/2005 M F 2005/2006 M F 2006/2007 M F 62,023 43,984 60,049 45,906 39,743 25,775 42,953 28,044 TABLE 2 TOTAL NUMBER OF ADMISSION OFFERED BETWEEN 2003 AND 2007. SOURCE JOINT ADMISSION AND MATRICULATION BOARD, 2009 The trend of undergraduate application and admission into all universities in Nigeria between 2003 and 2008 shows that between 2003/2004 sessions 603,176(male) and 443,764(female) candidates applied for different breaker point programmes and only 62,023(male) and 43984(female) candidates were offered admis sions. 4TABLE 3 TOTAL ENROLMENT IN FEDERAL UNIVERSITIES BY MAJOUR DISCIPLINE. 5 TABLE 4 GRADUATE OUTPUT IN NIGERIA The identified developmental problem by the Nigerian developmental plans of 196285 includes shortages of skilled manpower, uneven distribution of available manpower among regions and between urban and rural areas, unemployment in the informal sector s well as widespread under-employment particularly in the informal sector, inadequate or undeveloped organizations and institutions for mobilizing human effort , lack of incentives for people to employ in particular activities which are important for study development , and a rapidly growing population( Folayan Ojo,1979) and ( Fajana, 2000).Since the middle of the 1970s, the policy of increased enrolment and turnout of university graduates was aimed at easing some of the development problems 6 identified above. It was hoped that by providing the required quality and quantity of different manpower the nation can advanced a t a faster pace. Hence the incidence of graduate unemployment is indeed an unfortunate problem, as these graduates find it difficult to enter labour activities to generate growth and development for the economy (Fajana, 2000). UNEMPLOYMENT IN NIGERIA CAUSES The yearbook of labour statistics (1984, 1985, 1986) reports that unemployment rate has generally risen during the world wide recession of the 1980s and 90s. The rational steps taken by most management to cope with the recession includes ban on recruitment.Since graduate are mostly first job seekers, this place of natural wastage, which involves the refusal to fill vacancies necessitate that graduates directly hit. The annual reports of civil service commission ( 1981,1982) show that overseas recruitment were carried out ostensibly because of the absence of qualified Nigerians to fill some scientific and professional jobs. This may have contributed to the problem of unemployment in Nigeria. Contrary to this, Fajana (2000) argu ed that the presence of expatriates in jobs may not cause graduate unemployment. Neverthe slight, this factor become in truth important when solutions to the problem are being sought.One of the measures adopted by governments in developing countries as part of their policy package to solve manpower problems is the establishment of national youth service programmes (Godfrey, 1970). The National Youth Service Corps (NYSC) in Nigeria came into being in 1973 in response to the particular urgent needs of fostering national unity, a means of recouping government investments in graduates. Unfortunately, the NYSC scheme has encouraged employers (private and public) to shy away from employing graduates. It can be said that it has contributed to graduate unemployment in Nigeria. The labour decree (1974, section 19) protects older workers from being laid off in a situation of redundancy.As labour and management makes an attempt in trying to cope with the recession, they adopt the policy of la st-in-first out, coupled with the ban on recruitment during recession. These seemed to have combined to exert a great electric shock on the employment situation for graduates trying to seek first jobs. Industrialization in Nigeria has been pursued haphazardly with little or no attention paid to manpower development implications of the adopted strategies. For instance , 7 after independence , a battery of incentives were offered to industrialists to lure foreign investment into Nigeria. But, the industrialists that came were capital intensive in their operation and could not absolve proportional size of the growing labour force in gainful employment (Yesufu, 1971).PSYCHO-SOCIAL EFFECT OF UNEMPLOYMENT Graduate initial unemployment and faineance have adverse psychological , social , occupational and financial effects on them Fashoyin (1987) and Fajana (2000). unemployment has serious effects both on the their present living conditions and their candidate in the future and on the soci ety in which they are supposed to be part. Unemployment is the undoing of graduates because its literally destroys them morally and rapture the ties and relationship they form. People who have no jobs looking at insignificant and inferior. And always having the feeling that they are ostracized from the rest of the society , and most often they are regarded as parasites by other people.In most societies conventional work ethic suggests that unemployment is unwelcome because of the special role and meaning work has. In particular, young people in this situation feel that they must find work, no matter what. At the beginning of the search period , they look for jobs suited to their qualifications , training or trade but ulterior on they look for any kind of work ( Hayes and Nutman , 1981) and any kind of pay ( Kasper,1987) Unemployment and under- employment may cause people to flee the rural areas , move about or migrate. The later effect will tend to explain some of the current wave of brain drain to the advanced countries from less developed world.The unemployed produce an unsettled labour force, and in urban areas they may lead to overcrowding and crimes. Research findings by Hayes and Nutman (1980) indicated that in a period characterized by a permanent stable high unemployment situation, there will be considerable increase in deaths due to cardiovascular diseases and cirrhosis of the coloured and murders too. According to Banks and Ullah (1988) there will also be increase in admission into psychiatric hospitals (for mental illness) and also imprisonment arising from the criminal tendencies of idle hands. In summary, Fajana (2000) opined that unemployment can lead to the following qualifying of status , loss of prestige and economic strength or power as a result of the loss of 8 ages and benefits of job, infliction of psychological injury as result of the breakdown in social contacts and isolation from the world of work , loss of responsibility ,identity and detect which the position at work ensures , loss of purchasing power , loss of union check off dues , loss of production and stunting of gross national product , reduction in the pay roll tax revenues of the state . III. METHODOLOGY The data used in this study is of two type primary and secondary data. However, for the primary data the questionnaire was used to solicit responses from the respondents. It has been structure objectively, considering the time lag and its relative advantage to minimize cost. The questionnaire is divided into two main separate i. e. part I and part II. Also interviews was conducted among graduate job seekers. Part I seeks personal data of the respondent ranging from age, sex to educational qualification. These were used to analyze the characteristics of the sample with that of the population. Part II is structured basically o delve into the opinion of the respondents so as to have a logical yardstick to disprove or accept our research hypothesis. T he population of this study was Stronix Consults Nigeria Limited (SCNL). SCNL is a recruitment and employment firm with focus on recruitment, selection and placement of job applicants into different organizations. The total number of job applicant including unsolicited applications is 1500 job applicants. This number is assumed to be the study population and 10 percent of this number was used as the sample size which is 150. Stratified sampling method was used for this study. The stratified methods group the population into some definite characteristics (strata).This is suitable for the economic consumption of this research as it makes it possible for our random selection to be done across all disciplines (Art/Humanities, Sciences and Education). As mention earlier the data for this study was composed basically through the questionnaire and interview method. The questionnaire was administered at random among job seeker. The study population consists of unemployed graduate in Gbaga da, Lagos. IV. RESULTS SPSS data analysis was used to test the hypothesis for this study. The major hypotheses tested are as follows 9 Hypothesis one H0 Governmental policy, economic recession, employment of expatriates and trade unions wage demands does not significantly contribute to the rate of unemployment in Nigeria.H1 Governmental policy, economic recession, employment of expatriates and trade unions wage demands significantly contribute to the rate of unemployment in Nigeria. Hypothesis two H0 rural urban migration, imposition of negligible wage and influence system does not significantly contribute to the rate of unemployment in Nigeria. H1 rural urban migration, imposition of minimum wage and influence system significantly contribute to the rate of unemployment in Nigeria. TESTING THE FIRST HYPOTHESIS TABLE 4. 1 Model Summary familiarised Std. Error Mod el 1 2 3 4 R . 255(a) . 251(b) . 244(c) . 218(d) R Square . 065 . 063 . 060 . 048 R Square . 019 . 029 . 037 . 036 of th e Estimate 1. 231 1. 224 1. 219 1. 220Regression coefficient was use to test if there is any significant relationship between unemployment ( criterion/ dependent variable) and governmental policy , economic recession , employment of expatriates and trade unions wage demand ( predictor / independent variables) The backward regression analysis was used and from table 4. 1 above the first model has the best fit for the purpose of analysis because it has the highest percentage of R square of 0. 065. Therefore, the first model was used to analysis major findings. 10 TABLE 4. 2 Coefficients(a) Standardiz Unstandardized Coefficients Mod el 1 (Constant) Unemployment rate in Nigeria is as a result of economy recession Do you think that government economic brings unemployment Nigeria?Do you think that employment expatriates contribute graduate unemployment the country? Do you agree that trade unions wages demand the increase . 047 rate of . 125 . 042 . 376 . 708 in to the -. 053 . 092 -. 063 -. 578 . 565 of policy about in -. one hundred one . 103 -. 108 -. 986 . 327 -. 168 . 094 -. 201 -1. 790 . 077 B 3. 451 Std. Error . 550 Beta B 6. 269 ed Coefficients T Sig. Std. Error . 000 unemployment? From table 4. 2 it is only trade union wage demand that has the highest impact on the rate of unemployment in Nigeria. That is trade union wage demand is significance than the other three variables. However, the first hypothesis was tested using 5% 11 level ( important) of significance.Since alpha is less than p value (table 4. 2, 0. 077, 0. 327, 0. 565, 0. 708) In conclusion economic recession, governmental policy, employment of expatriates and trade union wage demand increase the rate of unemployment. nary(prenominal)mal P-P Plot of Regression Standardized Residual Dependent Variable For how long have you been unemployed 1. 0 0. 8 pass judgment seminal fluid Prob 0. 6 0. 4 0. 2 0. 0 0. 0 0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Figure 1 Observed Cum Prob 12 TESTING THE SECOND HYPOTHESIS Tabl e 4. 3 Model Summary Adjusted Std. Error Mod el 1 2 3 4 R . 214(a) . 209(b) . 162(c) . 000(d) R Square . 046 . 044 . 026 . 000 R Square . 013 . 022 . 015 . 000 of the Estimate 1. 218 1. 213 1. 217 1. 226Regression coefficient was use to test if there is any significant relationship between unemployment ( criterion/ dependent variable) rural-urban migration, lack of labour market information, imposition of minimum wages ( predictors / independent variables) The backward regression analysis was used and from table 4. 3 above the first model has the best fit for the purpose of analysis because it has the highest percentage of R square of 0. 046 Therefore the first model was used to analysis major findings. Table 4. 4 Coefficients(a) Standardiz Unstandardized Coefficients Mod el 1 (Constant) B 2. 439 Std. Error . 474 Beta B 5. 150 ed Coefficients t Sig. Std. Error . 000 13Do you agree that rural-urban migration about bring -. 165 graduate . 093 -. 192 -1. 782 . 078 unemployment? Do you agree that lack market is a of labour information contributory . 052 . cx . 052 . 469 . 640 factor to graduate unemployment Nigeria? Do you agree that imposition minimum of wages . 103 . 096 . 119 1. 069 . 288 in contribute to the rate of unemployment? From table 4. 2 it is only rural urban migration that has the highest impact on the rate of unemployment in Nigeria. That is rural-urban migration is significance than the other two variables. However, the second hypothesis was also tested using 5% level (alpha) of significance.Since alpha is less than p value (table 4. 4. 0. 078, 0. 640, 0. 288,) In conclusion rural-urban migration, lack of information and imposition of minimum wage bring about unemployment. V. CONCLUSIONS Planning for human resources use in Nigeria has been based on guesswork. Rational steps taken by most management to cope with the recession include ban on recruitment. The practice of natural wastage, which involves the refusal to fill vacancies imply that job see kers are directly hit. Though the rate of appointment of expatriates has been slowed since 1982, presently a reasonable percentage of the labour force in Nigeria is still dominated by foreigners.Most private and even public institutions tend to see the NYSC as a means of securing cheap labour. They utilize the services corp members each year but tend not to absolve any substantial number at the end of the service year. The 14 adoption of the policy of last in first out by labour and management, coupled with ban on recruitment seemed to exert a great impact on the employment situation of university graduates. Existence of artificial barriers to geographical mobility of labour, cultural employment practices , localization and truncating of potentials along tribal lines , marginalization of the pathetic and the poor state of social infrastructure ( Ukpong,1994).Femi Fajana ( 1994) and Anyanwu ( 1994) argued that failure of the Nigerian government to appraise the employment implicatio ns of international trade policies, monetary and fiscal policies immensely contribute to unemployment rate in the country. Notwithstanding the above mentioned adverse effect and consequences of unemployment in the Nigerian economy , a number of general approaches are being recommended for the purpose of curbing the unemployment menace ( Fajana, 2000) these are approaches are The defective approach to hr planning should reverse ,i. e coordinated planning for human resources should be encourage at all level of the economy.Coordinated effort towards labour intensive project Resuscitate labour exchanges programmes based on comparative cost advantage penchant of university graduates to change their perceptions about menial jobs Elimination of rigid job and wage preference Graduate should be encourage to study for a higher degree in a more relevant discipline to reduce skills-mismatch Validation of selection instrument and deemphasize reliance on the influence system In a situation of m assive unemployment, the unions role is to protect the interest of members the labour is segmented in the process. But unions must broaden their aims in such(prenominal) circumstances to include social justice for all employed and unemployed people. The trade unions can also help in creating more jobs by instating as far as possible on labour intensive project. 15 Population control, reduction in the rate of expansion of higher education , limited review of funding for higher education , diversification of the economy, exploring the possibility of labour exports. References Beer , W And Herves M. E. A ( 1966). Employment And Indusstrialization In growing Countries, Quarterly journal of Economics, Vol. 30 No. 1 Bhalla A. S ( 1973) A Disaggregative Approach To Employment In Less Developed Countries The Journal Of breeding Studies Berg, E. J. (1969) wages policy and employment in less developed countries , in R. Robinson, Ibid. Diejomoah V. P And Orimolade W. A. T (1971). Unempl oyment In Nigeria An Economic Analysis Of Scope , Trends And policy Issues Nigerian Journal Of Economic And Social Studies Vol. 13 no. 2 Pp 127-160 Berg, E.J 9 (1969) Urban Real wage And the Nigerian Trade Union Movement (1939-1960 a comment Economic Development and Cultural Change, (EDDC), VOL. 17 NO. 4 Fajana, S. (1987) economic Recession, Collective Bargaining And labour Market Segmentation In Nigeria, Nigerian Management Review CMD, Lagos, Vol. 2, No 1, P9-16 Fajana, S (2000) Functioning Of the Nigerian Labour Market, Labofin and Company, Lagos, Nigeria. Fashoyin ,T. ( 1980) Industrial Relations In Nigeria, Macmillan , London Fashoyin, T. ( 1987) collective Bargaining In Public Sector In Nigeria, Macmillan , Lagos. Falae,S. O ( 1971), unemployment In Nigeria Nigerian journal of economic and social studies, vol. 3 , no1, march. Kilby, P ( 1967) Industrial Relations And Wage Determination Failure of the AngloSaxo Model , Journal of Developing Areas ( JDA) , Vol. 1 No. 14, July. Kilby, P. ( 1969) Industrialization In An Open Economy Nigeria , 9451966,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Otobo , D. ( 2002) Industrial Relations Theories and controversies , Malthouse Press limited, Lagos , Nigeria. 16 Standing ,G ( 1983) the notion of structural unemployment international labour review, volume 22 No2 P. 137-153 Weeks , J. ( 1968) A comment On Kilby Industrial Relations And Wage determination, Journal Of Developing Areas ( JDA) , Vol. 3, No. 1. 17